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ELECTRIC CARS HAVE BEEN AROUND SINCE THE 1880s
The car of the future runs completely on electricity. No more dependence on gas. No more choking the atmosphere with fumes. Whenever the possibility of electric cars is raised, the media and other commentators ooh and ahh over the potential. But this technology isn’t futuristic — it’s positively retro. Cars powered by electricity have been on the scene since the 1800s and actually predate gas-powered cars. A blacksmith in Vermont — Thomas Davenport — built the first rotary electric motor in 1833 and it to power a model train the next year. In the late 1830s, Scottish inventor Robert Davidson rigged a carriage with an electric motor powered by batteries. In his Pulitzer-nominated book Taking Charge, archaeology professor and technology historian Michael Brian Schiffer writes that this “was perhaps the first electric car.” After this remarkable achievement, the idea of an electric car languished for decades. In 1881, a French experi-menter debuted a personal vehicle that ran on electricity, a tricycle (ie, three wheels and a seat) for adults. In 1888, many inventors in the US, Britain, and Europe started creating threeand four-wheel vehicles — which could carry two to six people — that ran on electricity.

These vehicles remained principally curios-ities until May 1897, when the Pope Manufacturing Company — the country’s most successful bicycle manufacturer — started selling the first commercial electric car: the Columbia Electric Phaeton, Mark III. It topped out at fifteen miles per hour, and had to be recharged every 30 miles. Within two years, people could choose from an array of electrical carriages, buggies, wagons, trucks, bicycles, tricycles, even buses and ambulances made by numerous manufacturers.
New York City was home to a fleet of electric taxi cabs starting in 1897. The Electric Vehicle Company eventually had over 100 of them ferrying people around the Big Apple. Soon it was unleashing electric taxis in Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and Washington DC. By 1900, though, the company was in trouble, and seven years later it sputtered out.
As for cars powered by dead dinosaurs, Austrian engineer Siegfried Marcus attached a onecylinder motor to a cart in 1864, driving it 500 feet and thus creating the first vehicle powered by gas (this was around 25 years after Davidson had created the first electro-car). It wasn’t until 1895 that gas autos — converted carriages with a two-cylinder engine

— were commercially sold (and then only in microscopic numbers).
Around the turn of the century, the average car buyer had a big choice to make: gas, electric, or steam? When the auto industry took form around 1895, nobody knew which type of vehicle was going to become the standard. During the last few years of the nineteenth century and the first few of the twentieth, over 100 companies placed their bets on electricity. According to Schiffer, “Twenty-eight percent of the 4,192 American automobiles produced in 1900 were electric. In the New York automobile show of that year more electrics were on display than gasoline or steam vehicles.”

In the middle of the first decade of the 1900s, electric cars were on the decline, and their gaseating cousins were surging ahead. With improvements in the cars and their batteries, though, electrics started a comeback in 1907, which continued through 1913. The downhill slide started the next year, and by the 1920s the market for electrics was “minuscule,” to use Schiffer’s word. Things never got better.

Many companies tried to combine the best of both approaches, with cars that ran on a mix of electricity and gas. The Pope Manufacturing Company, once again in the vanguard, built a working prototype in 1898. A Belgian company and a French company each brought out commercial models the next year, beating the Toyota Prius and the Honda Insight to the market by over a century. Even Ferdinand Porsche and the Mercedes Company got in on the act.

Unfortunately, these hybrids never really caught on.
Didik Design — which manufactures several vehicles which run on various combinations off electricity, solar power, and human power — maintains an extensive archive on the history of electric and electro-fuel cars. According to their research, around 200 companies and individuals have manufactured electric cars. Only a few familiar names are on the list (although some of them aren’t familiar as car manufacturers): Studebaker (1952-1966), General Electric (1901- 1904), Braun (1977), Sears, Roebuck, and Company (1978), and Oldsmobile (1896 to the present). The vast majority have long been forgotten: Elecctra, Pfluger, Buffalo Automobile Company, Hercules, Red Bug, and Nu-Klea Starlite, to name a few. Henry Ford and Thomas Edison teamed up on an electric car, but, although some prototypes were built, it never was commercially produced. Though they have faded from mass cultural memory, electric cars have never been completely out of production.
The reasons why electrics faded into obscurity while gas cars and trucks became 99.999 percent dominant are complex and are still being debated. If only they hadn’t been sidelined and had continued to develop apace, the world would be a very different place.

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The Houston Post ( May 23, 1975 )

Gasoline/Water Do Mix

Dual-fuel gas station at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Alcohol (ethanol) and G gasoline (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

DETROIT- When Alfred Globus discovered a new way to clean up offshore oil spills in the mid-1960s, that was something.

Globus, president of United International Research Inc., was in Detroit this week to talk about “HydroFuel,” a mixture consisting of 87 per cent low-octane gasoline, 10 per cent water and-here’s the key-three per cent Hydrelate.

Globus refused to be specific about what Hydrelate is or how it works. He would say only that it is a non-petroleum-based chemical that not only acts as a catalyst in the blending of gasoline and water, but raises octane levels as well.

Fuel economy for the mixture was “virtually the same” as the 14.3 miles per gallon the vehicle gets using regular gas, he said. Ac-cording to Globus, about five gallons of regular gasoline were saved using the mixture, while total fuel costs fell about five per cent. Globus said he starts with 72-octane unleaded fuel, and that the edition of Hydrelate and water boosts the octane level to about 91 roughly the same as today’s low-lead fuels.

In two years of laboratory and field testing, there has been no evidence that engines are harmed by HydroFuel, Globus said.

http://befreetech.com/index.html

Excerpt : –

Suppression of Energy Technologiesby

Christopher Walter

Dr Alfred R. Globus - working for United International Research developed a Hydro-fuel mixture around the mid-seventies.  The fuel was a mixture of 45% gasoline, 50% or more of water, and small percentages of United’s “Hydrelate” which acted as a bonding agent. It was estimated that a hundred million gallons of fuel could be saved per day if this fuel were utilized but alas nobody seemed interested.

Stabilization of Ethanol-Gasoline Mixtures

USP # 4,328,004

1982-05-04
Classification:  – international:  C10L1/02; C10L1/32; C10L1/00; C10L1/32; (IPC1-7): C10L1/02 :- European:  C10L1/02B; C10L1/32
Cited documents:  US1423048 //  US1474982  //  US1869486 //   US3822119 //  US4154580

Abstract –  A stabilized composition of matter comprising a fuel oil, such as gasoline, ethanol, small amounts of water and a stabilizing amount of an additive which is substantially insoluble in water, but which is soluble in ethyl alcohol and gasoline and is effective to prevent the separation of the gasoline-ethyl alcohol solution into two distinct phases; said additive being n-hexylalcohol, hereinafter, n-hexanol. The invention also includes a method for stabilizing gasoline, that is, for preventing or retarding the phase separation of gasoline-ethanol mixtures in the presence of small amounts of water, and this being the case when the temperature of the gasoline-ethanol mixture has been reduced to below 20 DEG F.

 Description

This invention relates to the stabilization of gasoline which has been diluted with ethanol, i.e. stretched with ethanol containing 3-4% water and which solutions are subject to separation.

In view of the relative shortage and high cost of gasoline, it is desirable to provide some method and means which will stabilize gasoline-ethyl alcohol mixtures, thereby allowing the gasoline-ethyl alcohol mixtures to function at their fullest efficiency, i.e., to exist as a single phase and this even when the ambient temperatures fall below 20.degree. F.

In particular, it would be desirable to provide some method and means which will stabilize gasoline-ethyl alcohol mixtures, wherein the alcohol is ethyl alcohol containing small amounts of water, for instance 3-4%, and is present in an amount of 10% or more and preferably above 20%, so that the phase separation which would normally occur is avoided and the mixture maintained as a single phase.

The use of ethyl alcohol as an extender for gasoline has been proposed. However the successful use of ethyl alcohol has been limited to those instances where the alcohol has been substantially anhydrous. In the presence of even small amounts of water, the ethyl alcohol is no longer miscible with gasoline, bringing about a separation into two phases, especially when there is a drop in ambient temperature. When this occurs, i.e., when the separation into two phases takes place, the bottom phase which consists of water and alcohol is corrosive to the steel brought into contact therewith and in particular the gas tank, pumps, holding tank, etc.

This invention contemplates the use of ethanol which is not anhydrous, but which instead contains 3-4% water. Such alcohol is made by simple distillation methods, instead of the expensive azeotropic distillation procedures which require more energy and the use of costly materials. In addition, the presence of the water introduced with the gasoline-ethanol mixture when used for example in the conventional engine gives rise to an increased octane rating.

The use of an alcohol to hold ethanol and small amounts of water in gasoline solution has already been proposed. Thus it has been suggested to use alcohols such as i-propanol and i-butanol because they are miscible both with water and gasoline.

The applicant has now found that the use of an alcohol such as n-hexanol, which is substantially insoluble in water but which is instead soluble in both gasoline and ethanol has numerous advantages in forming a stable liquid and preventing separation of the gasoline and alcohol. The hexanol is 1-hexanol i.e., the straight chain alcohol, since it has been found that branching materially reduces the effectiveness of this alcohol as a stabilizer, the reduction in effectiveness bearing a direct relationship to the amount of branching present.

It is an object of this invention to provide compositions comprising a fuel oil, i.e., gasoline and ethanol which compositions are stable against separation into more than one phase and that in the presence of small amounts of water and that particularly in the event of a drop in ambient temperature.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for preventing or retarding the separation into more than one phase of gasoline-ethanol solutions in the presence of small amounts of water.

It is still another object of this invention to provide compositions of matter comprising a high grade fuel oil i.e. gasoline, ethanol and a stabilizing agent therefore.

It is a further object of this invention to provide an additive especially adapted for stabilizing gasoline, particularly mixtures of gasoline and ethanol in the presence of small amounts of water comprising n-hexanol per se or in the form of its solution in the gasoline and/or ethanol. The n-hexanol serves to “couple” the ethanol to the gasoline, forming a stable liquid and preventing separation even in the presence of small amounts of water.

These and other objects and advantages will become more apparent as the description thereof proceeds.

In accordance with this invention, the above objects and advantages are accomplished by the addition to a fuel oil i.e. gasoline-ethanol solution containing small amounts of water of a stabilizing amount of an additive which is both alcohol and gasoline miscible and/or soluble and is effective to prevent the separation of the gasoline-ethanol solution into two distinct phases and namely by using as additive n-hexanol. It is possible in accordance with the invention to employ a mixture of n-hexanol with its isomers such as methyl pentanol, ethyl butanol or the like, but as noted above such mixtures have not been found to be as effective as n-hexanol. Therefore, if n-hexanol is not readily available for the purposes of the invention, it has been found satisfactory to employ n-hexanol and the mixed isomers thereof, as for example produced in the oxo-process. The n-hexanol and/or isomers thereof act to couple the alcohol to the gasoline effectively stabilizing the mixture so that the phase separation which would normally occur when even trace amounts of water are present is avoided.

The stabilizing additive in accordance with the invention, in addition to being miscible with both the ethanol and gasoline phases is also relatively volatile and boils and evaporates in approximately the same range as gasoline, i.e., the stabilizing additive has a flash point below about 145.degree. F.

The additive in accordance with the invention, as noted above is preferably n-hexanol or a mixture thereof with its isomers. However it has been found that the efficiency of this stabilizing additive can be increased if there is included therein a dispersing agent which is itself sufficiently volatile to meet the requirements of a combustion engine. Such a dispersant is 3,5-dimethl-1-hexyn-3-ol.

3.5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol is a clear colorless volatile liquid having a boiling point of 150.degree.-151.degree. C. Other surfactants similar to the 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol can be employed, as for instance the Surfynol products (manufactured by Air Products). Such products must be unsaturated and must constitute volatile surface active agents that eventually evaporate from the system containing them, so as to leave no residue to clog the engine or otherwise interfere with its functioning.

The quantity of surfactant utilized amounts to 3-7% preferably 3-5% referred to the stabilizer.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, in order to reduce any tendency of the water present in the gasoline-ethanol mixture, to bring about corrosion of the steel, it has been found expedient to add a volatile amine and more specifically an alcohol amine, most preferably a glycol amine which is volatile under the conditions of use. One example of a preferred amine for use herein is diglycol amine. Another particularly effective amine is n-butyl amine. If n-butyl amine is employed, then the effectiveness thereof can be further increased by the addition of a small amount of 2-pentanone (methylpropylketone). The pentanone serves to prevent the separation of n-butyl amine from the hexanol. (This is to a great extent due to their overlapping boiling points.) The selection of the amine is in part determined by its flash point which must be sufficiently high that it does not increase the flash point of the gasoline-ethanol-stabilizer-surfactant mixture. Preferably a boiling point of about 135-145.degree. F. is to be strived for. All of the components of the composition as noted are volatile and in use leave no residue in the engine.

According to this invention, stabilizing of the mixture of gasoline and ethanol containing small amounts of water is achieved by the addition of small quantities of the stabilizing additive n-hexanol or its mixture with one or more of its isomers per se or together with the non-ionic surfactant and/or alcohol amine. The additive employed to effect the stabilization may be added to the gasoline-ethanol mixture or to the gasoline or the ethanol prior to forming the mixture. It is preferred however to add the stabilizing additive to the gasoline-ethanol-water mixture.

Thus in accordance with the invention it has now been found that if about 1-20% of the stabilizing additive is introduced into the mixture of gasoline and ethanol containing small amounts of water, the mixture exists as a solution or as one phase.

The stabilizer, as pointed out here and above may be added to the ethanol or to the gasoline prior to forming the mixture thereof or it may be added directly to the gasoline-ethanol mixture. The stabilizer is added in amounts on the order of from about 1-20% and preferably 3-10% based on the mixture of gasoline and ethanol, which amounts have been found to effect a substantially complete stabilizing of the gasoline-ethanol mixtures with which the invention is concerned. Preferred ranges of the stabilizer to be added to the gasoline-ethanol-water mixture range from about 3% to about 12%.

The surfactant and the amine are added directly to the stabilizer, the surfactant in an amount of 3-7% referred to the stabilizer and the amine in approximately like amounts.

The resultant mixture burns clearly without free carbon (soot) and ignites easily in combustion engines.

Using 194 proof ethanol and gasoline (10:90), separation takes place at 30-32.degree. F. If n-hexanol is added in an amount of one part per hundred parts of mixture, no separation takes place until the temperature has fallen to below -25.degree. F. If the mixture includes the surfactant, separation does not take place until the temperature has fallen to below -40.degree. F.

Using 190 proof ethanol and gasoline (10:90) and 21/2% either of hexanol, tertiary butanol or isobutyl alcohol, the anticipated separation takes place as follows:

tertiary butyl alcohol: +55.degree. F.
isobutyl alcohol: +24.degree. F.
hexanol: -2.degree. F.

The following examples are set forth for purposes of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention except as set forth in the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1

9 parts of 194 proof ethanol and 90 parts of gasoline (regular unleaded) were mixed together. T this mixture there was added 1 part of a stabilizer having the following composition:

90%: n-hexanol
7%: surfynol (3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol)
3%: diglycol amine

No separation of the mixture took place even when the ambient temperature dropped to about -30.degree. F. When 2% of the above mixture was added separation did not take place until the temperature had reached -65.degree. F.

When isobutyl alcohol was substituted for the n-hexanol, separation was observed at 25-27.degree. F.

EXAMPLE 2

1.5% of n-hexanol was added to 13.5% 193 proof ethanol and this combination added to 85% of gasoline (regular unleaded).

No separation was observed to occur even when the temperature had fallen to below -20.degree. F.

The addition of the stabilizer, n-hexanol in this case is particularly preferred, since the specific gravity of n-hexanol is similar to that of the ethanol facilitating the further processing.

EXAMPLE 3

1.5% of a stabilizing additive having the following composition:
90%: n-hexanol
8%: n-butylamine
2%: 2-pentanone

were added to an ethanol-gasoline mixture of the following composition:

13.5%: ethanol (194 proof)
85%: gasoline (leaded or unleaded)

No separation was observed even when the ambient temperature was dropped to below -20.degree. F.

EXAMPLE 4

Example 3 was repeated with identical results using as the stabilizer the following composition:

85%: n-hexanol
12%: n-butylamine
3%: 2-pentanone

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Unidentified Author / Untitled Article:

Back in 1966 Gulley invented an auto engine that ran on magnets. Of course, we all know such a thing is impossible (don’t we?) — as did Joe Creason of the Louisville Courier-Journal who took photographs of and witnessed it in 1966. Detroit got wind of it and sent their engineers down to Kentucky to talk to Gulley. A Mr Hahn — bigshot engineer at Ford — looked at Gulley’s charts and patents (registration # 211,702,317, Electric Motor) and told him it wouldn’t work. At that time, the engine didn’t work — but not fro design defects. Gulley had built the engine out of old washing machine parts with no precision fittings and it had run almost 600 miles before it shook itself apart.

Hahn made one amusing mistake. On his flight out of Kentucky he sat down next to Gulley’s attorney (unbeknownst to Hahn) and proceeded to tell him all about Gulley’s motor and what made it work!

Gulley was later offered $35 million for the rights to hi sengine by GM and refused to sell unless GM would promise production. Shortly afterwards an unidentified male crawled under Gulley’s backyard fence to take a shot at him with a heavy caliber pistol. When the gun went off Gulley instantly grabbed a 20-gauge shotgun parked in the doorway and filled the guy full of #4 buckshot. Gulley, thinking he had been hit because of hot stucco that had fallen down his shirt from the bullet striking near him, walked back into the house to call the law. When he went back outside the body was gone — but the ground where the man had fallen was covered with so much blood it looked like someone had been slaughtering a hog.

Gulley’s house has been broken into and ransacked repeatedly since then.

Louisville Courier-Journal (11-30-71)

“Engine That Doen’t Guzzle Gas is Ready for Unveiling”

by

Joe Creason

If all goes well, in the near future — the “very near” future, he insists, John W. Gulley of Gratz finally will unwrap and demonstrate publicly the non-fueled, non-polluting, noiseless and self-sustaining electric engine he’s been working on in secrecy for 25 years.

In Gulley’s naturally prejudiced judgment, which some experts have sneered at but which has made qualified believers of others, is the automobile of the future.

However, he’s quick to add that a power source for automobiles is only one of its potential uses since, in his words, it can be modified for application for everything “from sewing machines to submarines”.

The engine Gulley plans to demonstrate is called the Challenger, and it’s more efficient than prototype models he has put together before. Like the previous devices, it is based on the timed discharge of high voltage electricity from capacitors into the field of coils of a modified electric motor.

Now that may sound like a lot of double talk to us average laymen, but reduced to simple terms it means that the engine, if proven, could truly revolutionize the auto industry since it would weigh a furth as much, could be built for half the cost and would operate without the air-polluting fuel of a conventional combustion engine.

Although Gulley has hinted at plans to show his engine to the public several times in the past, various complications — his health, patent problems, misunderstandings with his backers, vandals who have broken into his workshop and destroyed his prototypes — have prevented him from doing so. This time, he persists, all the pieces are in place and the unveiling definitely will be held.

Gulley, who learned motor and generator skills during 13 years in the Army, claims to have been besieged with offers from potential investors after news of his invention was revealed here in 1966. But he has turned down all offers because he was convinced they “came from gas and oil people who would throw my plans into the ocean”.

Any arrangement he makes for producing the engine will include a guarantee that ir will be marketed in competition with those presently on the market and also that it will be manufactured mainly in Kentucky.

Gulley’s greatest detractors have been those who say wheat he claims to have done is an invasion of the never-never land of perpetual motion.

“Only God is perpetual”, he rebuts simply.

And so the mystery of whether or not John W. Gulley has invented the engine of the future or just another pipe dream soon may be answered.

Louisville Courier-Journal (1-26-67)

“Joe Creason’s Kentucky”

Three or four months ago I wrote about John W. Gulley, a Gratz, KY inventor who has come up with a brand new concept in a compact unit to power automobiles electrically.

The Gulley idea, which is based on a unit that generates its own current as it operates, sounded so much like perpetual motion, the power principle that man has dreamed about since the dawn of time, that the story stirred up an unusual amount of interest.

As a matter of fact, just this week I received two letters asking about the invention, bringing to more than 75 the number of inquiries that by now hae come in from Kentucky, Indiana, and five other states.

So here is the latest chapter in the story that, if you’ll pardon my leaning on the old Tom Swift series, might be titled “The Further Adventures of John Gulley and his Electric Runabout”.

At present the invention which Gulley calls the Cobra Queen Electric Powering Assembly in the papers he has filed with the US Patent Office, is undergoing scientific research by an outside engineering firm. The reason for this is to determine the feasibility and practicality of the assembly in areas other than just the electric propulsion of vehicles.

Gulley is pushing to have this work completed soon so that he can demonstrate his idea in open competition against electric cars being developed by at least two major manufacturers. He hopes to be able to issue a challenge for public testing by midsummer.

“I know the principles the big auto makers are using, and I know my assembly is far superior”, insists Gulley, a motor and generator expert who has been working on his ideas since 1946.

Reduced to simplest terms, Gulley’s power plant doesn’t depend on a battery — and it was the bulky battery that had to be recharged every few hours that caused earlier electric cars to flop. His secret is a motor with a new type of winding that never before has been submitted to the Patent Office. A battery is needed only to start the unit; after that, it generates its own current.

The power unit weighs less than half that of conventional gasoline engines, and any known make of gas-burning car can be converted to use it easily and cheaply merely by changing the flywheel and applying it to the main power shaft of the Cobra Queen, Gulley says.

Since my first story, Gulley himself has been besieged by letters and calls from person wanting to invest in the idea, technical magazines wanting to do detailed articles about his car, and one letter from Senator Robert F. Kennedy, saying he was calling to to the attention of federal authorities concerned about air pollution.

The next chapter of the story won’t be written from some months yet. I’ll keep you posted.

Louisville Courier-Journal (4-12-69)

“Patience Wearing Thin, Inventor Plans Proof”

by

Joe Creason

Since he’s been nursing his idea for an engine to power automobiles electrically for 23 years now, you’d have to say that John W. Gulley has the patience of a prophet.

But his patience is beginning to wear a mite thin and he’s beginning to tire of demonstrating his idea to experts and then having them just tell him it’s the most revolutionary thing they’ve ever seen.

In short, John Gulley, who lives at Gratz, KY, thinks it’s about time the fish started biting.

After all, as he explains, every expert who has examined his electric powering device (including technologists for both the Army and Navy) have declared them to be theoretically sound.

Moreover, with health exerts showing alarm over the way gas and diesel engines are pushing air pollution to the danger level, he believes the time is right for a non-polluting motor that can replace internal combustion engines.

If it was known what his motor can do without polluting the air, and at a fraction of the cost of conventional methods, Gulley believes the public would be clamoring for his engine. Then not even the powerful oil and automobile lobbies, which he suspects are working against him, could continue to keep his ideas on ice.

The Gulley secret, which he started developing in 1946, is a compact motor he has patented under the name of Cobra Electric Powering Assembly and which generates its own current as it operates. A battery is needed only for a split second on starting.

In case you feel that sounds suspicious like the age-old theory of perpetual motion, you’re right. As a matte of fact, that’s the first hurdle Gulley has had to clear in every instance where skeptical experts have been converted into believers.

“It isn’t perpetual motion”, Gulley insists, “because bearings, shafts and such will wear out”.

Gulley’s growing impatience arises from the fact that, after putting his plans through computers which stamped them as sound, the Army Engineers have delayed having a private research organization start a detailed study.

If something isn’t done by May 15, Gulley plans to shake things up with a public demonstration. He’ll take a car fitted with one of his engines to Bufflao, NY, and drive it across the continent to Los Angeles. That would prove several things, he believes: that the car does not use any fuel, it employs no energy except that generated by his motor, and it can operate at maximum speed limit for long distances without having to get the power source recharged.

The Cobra Queen is only one Gulley invention. He has also developed the Swengine, an electric engine that drives a generator furnishing current back to the motor. This unit, he says, could power ships, the largest earth-moving machines, and the like.

But at the moment, the Cobra Queen is the motor he’s impatient to unveil.

Louisville Courier-Journal (11-8-70)

“Inventor Claims Car of Tomorrow”

by

Joe Creason

John Gulley’s promise to the world of tomorrow is a noiseless, smooth-riding electric automobile, cost-free in operation and emiting no fumes to pollute the air.

Working in a small, cluttered shop in rural Henry County, the self-styled disciple o Albert Einstein claims his machine is ready for mass production.

Further, he adds, the Einsteinian principles that make his car run can be modified for application in the entire field of mechanical movements — “everything from a sewing machine to a submarine”.

“The day is coming”, he said, “when all household appliance will run on their own power, with no help from electricity wired into the house.

Such talk naturally draws more smiling disbelief than it does open-mouthed awe from scientists and engineers, especially coming, as it does, from a high-school dropout and self-taught inventor, working in the unlikely location of Gratz (population 70).

The scientific sneers come, however, only fro those who have only heard the 64-year old Gulley’s “impossible” theories, his claims of taking up where Einstein left off in the “unknown field” of gravity as a source of electric energy.

In Penfield, NY, lives a reputable young scientist who spent three months with Gulley and was made a qualified believer.

Van Combs said from his home in Penfield that Gulley “can do things from a practical point of view that defy present scientific evidence.

I can understand that he must be secretive, but he has got to find somebody he can trust and allow them to take his devices apart. I don’t know why he has delayed. It makes it all look a little odd”.

Gulley says his automobile is powered only by his own design of cils and a generator, using a battery for the sole purpose of activating the motor.

He says he drove an experimental machine “27 miles short of 600 miles at zero cost” and that when it stopped running “there still was no trouble in the electrical system”.

Gulley says his car engine weighs a fourth as much as an internal combustion engine, can be built for half the cost, and will last 10 times as long.

Gulley claims that modifications produce a motor capable of 10,000 rpm, comparable to the average 8-cylinder car’s 5000 to 6000 rpm.

“My devices are important to the aircraft people too”, he said. “They can run as fast as the jet. They can power big earth movers, cranes and anything needing great power”.

So why doesn’t Gulley get on with the show?

His story is that he has received offers up to $36 million for his patents from men representing auto makers who “would throw my plans in the Atlantic Ocean just so they can protect the big oil and gasoline people”.

He said he will demand guaranteed arrangements form trustworthy financiers who will actually market his devices in competition with present industrial giants.

He will also demand, he said, that most of the manufacturing machinery, for parts and assembly, be housed in Kentucky as part of a dream to make Kentucky the “greatest industrial state in the country”.

Living now on a disability pension form the Army, Gulley was asked to explain his ability to reject such offers as $36 million.

“I would have just a big stack of money to fool with”, he said. “I wouldn’t have to work. When this thin is worked out the way I want it to be and the money does come along, I plan definitely to give 9 out of every 10 dollars I receive to feed the hungry people of the world. I have no desire for wealth”.

Louisville Courier-Journal (1-7-74)

“Gasless Engine: A Solution to the Energy Crisis?”

by

Joe Creason

It’s been an agonizingly long waiting period — going on 30 years, actually — but John W. Gulley of Gratz, KY believes 1974 just may be the year when he makes a major contribution to the energy crisis.

To say the least, in the next few days some high brass from the US Army Engineers’ Office of Power Technology will be coming to Guley’s garage workshop in Gratz to look into his claim that he has perfected an idea that could make gasoline a thing of the past as a transportation power source.

You see, Gulley is the inventor of the “Swengine”, a small, noiseless, self-contined electric engine that, according to him, could be modified to power anything from sewing machines to submarines — but especially automobiles.

Gulley is now convinced, he says, that the skeptics who for years scoffed at his inventions are now being won over and that actual production of his Swengine could begin soon.

If this comes to pass, if the Swengine lives up to his claims, the result could be the most revolutionary development in the history of the automobile industry.

Imagine, if you will, a car engine that not only weighs a fourth as much as normal internal combustion engines, but requires no fuel, no cooling, no intake or exhaust systems and doesn’t emit carbon monoxide fumes to befoul the air. Add to these energy and environmental advantages Gulley’s conviction that it can be built for half the cost and las 10 ties as long as conventional engines and the potential impact of the Swengine is mind-boggling.

Although the Swengine is patented, as is also the Quagga Scout, a motor, it is difficult to describe Gulley’s invention in detail because it involves many so-called “impossible” theories. But put loosely in lay language, the Swengine operates on his own design of electromagnets and a generator that powers the engine after it has been started by a battery. There being no friction bearings, the engine has indefinite life expectancy.

Since all that suggest the field of gravity as a source of electrical energy, skeptics have said Gulley is laying claim to having created perpetual motion.

“This is not perpetual motion”, he counters. “The material used in this engine will wear out in time and for that reason, if no other, it isn’t perpetual”.

Gulley, now 67, is a motor and generator expert who learned his skill during 13 years of Army service. He started thinking about an electric car in 1946 after he was retired because of a circulatory ailment.

After repeated experiments, he finally developed an engine he called the Cobra Queen and tested it in a car. He wasn’t given the time of day when he started trying to sell his idea to manufacturers. In retrospect, he suspects the powerful oil and auto lobbies have been working against him all along because of what his invention could do to them.

Finally, after the Swengine evolved from continued experimenting and since he felt he could trust the Army not to put his idea on ice if it could be proven, he decided to try the Washington route. At first that was slow going, too, but in the last year, with the help of Senator Marlow Cook and Representative Tim Lee Carter, who set up appointments for him with the right people, the Army began to show more and more interest.

Although he’s been disappointed before, Gulley believes the upcoming meeting with engineers from the Office of Power Technology may be the light at the end of the tunnel. He hopes to have an engine in his car at that time to use in a demonstration.

Who knows? Maybe a breakthrough the energy-starved world needs will be coming from a setting as unlikely as a garage workshop at Gratz, Kentucky. If it’s ever going to come, now is precisely the right time.

Related articles

• SUPPRESSED TECHNOLOGY: 1973 Robert W. ALEXANDER FUELLESS CAR SYSTEM; Dyna-Motor (ageoflucidity.info)
• Terry Lee Gulley (channel3000.com)
• Family Portrait Session: The Gulley Family (givenandbeloved.wordpress.com)
• Rash of Ky. lawyer suicides concerns colleagues (usatoday.com)

http://www.ky3.com/news/local/19617329.html

Ozarks Man Uses Hydrogen to Improve Gas Mileage

by

Linda Russell, KY3 News

( June 6, 2008 )

 BUFFALO, Mo. — A local man’s gadget may help people get more miles per gallon of gasoline in their vehicles. Ed Hula is a football coach in Buffalo, and a former science teacher.

A lot of people use their garage to fix a car that has a problem. Hula has been working in his garage to try to help fix a worldwide problem: the energy crisis.

“We’ve got to do something to help one another out, because the middle and lower class people are really feeling the bite of the gas prices right now,” said Hula.

So, after a trial and error, and testing a few prototypes on his own vehicles, Hula came up with what he calls the hydrogen-assist generator.

“We’ve got stainless steel plates in here, and when you conduct electricity through them stainless steel plates, it takes them molecules — you got two molecules of hydrogen and one oxygen — and it takes and separates them into gas,” he said.

Hula says burning the gas created through this process, called electrolysis, can give your car better gas mileage. He’s started a business and hooked up his generator to about 30 vehicles so far.

His customers have reported between 28 percent and 72 percent better gas mileage. Jim Lister is a former mechanic who stands behind Hula’s generator.

“I’ve only had mine on about 100 miles, but I just checked the gas mileage this morning and I got 5.1 miles per gallon better than what I was, plus I have more power,” said Lister.

Hula knows he’s not the first to think of hydrogen power for cars.

“I’m telling people, if they want one of these units, to buy one from me first, copy it, and make your own,” he said.

Rick Hughlett, owner of Rick’s Automotive in Springfield, says the hydrogen-assist generator could work, but the additional gases in the system could confuse a vehicle’s oxygen sensor and make the car use more gas.

“That oxygen sensor is always trying to find 14.7-to-1 air/fuel ratio,” said Hughlett.

Hydrogen is highly flammable but Hula says his generator is just as safe or safer than the gas in your car.

“You can unscrew the lid and drink that water if you want to,” he said.

Hughlett says a backfire or putting it in the wrong spot could cause the container to explode.

“Any time you’re installing something under the hood of a car, you need to consult a professional,” he said.

Still, Hughlett believes the inventor is on the right track.

“The principle, the idea, is good, and we do need these back yard inventors, because that may be the one that solves the energy crisis. But step lightly,” said Hughlett.

“I think everybody in America ought to have one!” said Lister.

Hula is selling his hydrogen-assist generators for $600. Another Ozarks man who has also come up with a similar system can be contacted at cgrosshart@sbcglobal.net You can also buy information to build a similar system online at the website, water4gas.com

http://www.local6.com

Car Runs On Water

“I’m getting 100 miles to the ounce on water,” inventor Anthony Brown said.

Brown said he shut his fuel injection system down and created the system that can use any type of water with a small amount of gas. He said the car is getting just fuel vapor.

“When you separate the water from the oxygen from the hydrogen, it cooks and it cooks down to a brown,” Brown said. “We’re not having any waste product off of it. Everything is consumed and burned.”

Local 6 showed video of Brown filling up his vehicle with water and then driving around.

Brown said any profit he makes from his invention will go toward helping missionaries around the world.

“I’ve just been asking for a way, for the Lord to show me to raise money rapidly and I started to working on this idea,” Brown said.

Video :  http://www.local6.com/news/16488151/detail.html#
Photos: http://www.local6.com/slideshow/news/16488473/detail.html

http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/energy/article605259.ece

A Need Fuels a Gas-Saving Idea

by
Eddie R. Cole,
Times Staff Writer

Wednesday, June 4, 2008

ST. PETERSBURG — Dave Hansen thinks he has found a way to cut the cost of gas in half.

In fact, he said his month-old idea prompted a Tampa Bay investor to offer him a seven-figure advance for the rights of his invention. But Hansen turned that offer down.

He said his new hydrogen-supplemental fuel system is not about fame or fortune, though it doubles a vehicle’s mileage per gallon. It’s about fishing.

“After paying about 500 to 600 bucks to catch four or five trout, I thought there has to be a better way,” said the 47-year-old retired business owner who is now a computer consultant. “My motivation was to go fishing and save money.”

The rising cost of fueling his 24-foot Shamrock fishing boat had become a snag, and it didn’t help that his main automobile for towing his boat was a gas-guzzling 1997 GMC Yukon.

Hansen did some research on alternative ways of powering vehicle engines and found hydrogen to be an often attempted but not so successful method.

That’s when he started testing how hydrogen would work in his Yukon. After buying $600 worth of parts for engine modifications and a month’s worth of time, he says the Yukon has gone from 8 miles per gallon in the city and 12.5 on the highway to about 18 in the city and 26 on the highway.

“Now, I don’t pay $4 a gallon. I pay $2 a gallon,” Hansen said. “I’ve got my big truck that I want to keep and I get the same mileage that you get with a Toyota Camry.”

He said engines lose 30 to 40 percent of gasoline energy through exhaust, but the hydrogen supplement allows his engine to burn 100 percent of the gasoline.

Hansen added a device to the Yukon that creates hydrogen and combines it with the oxygen input to the engine, which helps the motor maximize gasoline performance. His system requires a small amount of distilled water to power the hydrogen generator and uses distilled vinegar to keep the generator’s plates from corroding.

Additional gauges monitor the efficiency of the generator and help the system work well in Florida summer temperatures.

“The motor now runs cooler and with less carbon buildup, which ultimately will increase engine life,” Hansen said. “The system has multiple built-in safeguards to make sure that the driver can operate the vehicle without concern.”

Not everyone is sold on the idea.

Lev Gelb, an associate professor of chemistry at Washington University in St. Louis, who has worked for years on hydrogen storage, said he is skeptical of Hansen’s claim.

“The energy in the battery also comes from the engine, so all of the energy actually comes from the gasoline,” Gelb said.

“This approach can’t work because everything is still limited by the car engine efficiency, so I think that his claim of nearly doubling the vehicle mileage is bogus.”

Hansen said scientists’ and car engineers’ doubt is relevant but limited by what they have studied.

“The science is there, but there isn’t a focus on existing vehicles,” Hansen said. “Everyone looks at new vehicles to produce hydrogen.”

Albert Rawlins, 75, who recently met Hansen while playing golf, said he is willing to try a hydrogen fuel system on his 1995 Chevrolet Impala, especially because he still sends gas money to two daughters living in Ohio.

“If you don’t know computers, the best mechanic in the world can’t do this,” Rawlins said of his amazement of seeing Hansen’s modified Yukon engine. “I told Dave, ‘I’m willing to do this in order to make a statement’ and the first thing I’m doing is taking a road trip to Ohio.”

Even with regular compliments from people like Rawlins, Hansen said he still isn’t sure he wants to pursue a patent and open a business. Instead, he has posted his findings on his Web site, htgsystems.com, and he will allow feedback to determine his next move.

“I’ll let the public decide. I’m not doing this to make money. I just wanted to go fishing, and I thought it was a shame that nobody was doing anything about this.”

Eddie R. Cole can be reached at ecole@sptimes.com or (727) 893-8779.

http://www.kaaltv.com

Engine Runs With Water

Stacy Lillienthal

5/30/2008

(KAAL) — Thanks to one local high school senior’s invention, we may one day find relief at the pump.

The Alden Conger senior just received international awards for his work.

It’s taken him two years of work, but it’s finally here. His invention could lower your fuel bills by 30%.

He built a battery-powered device that can actually turn water into energy and lower the amount of gas you need by about 23%.

“It’ll lower emissions, clean up the environment, and it will save you money.” (soli)

You may have heard of hydrogen cars. Soli’s invention attaches to your motor and uses both hydrogen and oxygen for energy.

So far, he’s only tested his invention on lawn mower engines that don’t move. He plans to test it on moving engines, and then in cars.

He and four friends re-designed the engine and design of a car so it gets 866 miles to the gallon!

The car isn’t safe for the road, but the combination of that engine, Soli’s invention, and a safer frame could revolutionize the way we drive.

“I’m feeling great. I didn’t know it would get this far. The project just seemed to get bigger and bigger,” says Soli.

Within the last month, he won two international awards and $2,500 for his work. He says this is only the beginning.

http://pureenergysystems.com/

Bob Boyce System Replications Reporting 40-60% mpg Increases

by

Michael Couch

The first closely replicated Bob Boyce Style Electrolyzers are beginning to report results in the Watercar, Hydroxy, and Workingwatercar yahoo egroups.  Several replicators have reported 40-60% mpg increases with Bob Boyce and Smack Booster modified versions of the Bob Boyce System.

Most of these replications are using “brute force” electrolysis meaning that the three frequency toroidal transformers are not yet being utilized for maximum gain.  One experimenter name Houston has reported a steady 21 l/min output from his 49 Cell Boyce System using various wiring options and has reported 40-60% mpg increases.

Several Smack Booster replicators are reporting similar 40-60% increases in their mpg when using the system as a booster to their gas fueled engines.  These increases require adjustments to Oxygen sensors in modern cars to compensate for HHO gas utilization.  Many systems will regard the extra O in the fuel mix as a too lean condition and force more gas fuel into the engine which negates the gains from using Hydroxy.

This scenario accounts for many reports of no gain at all, to as little as 10-20% increase in mileage in contrast to the 40-60% mileage increases reported by several.  It seems that fuel/air sensors and electronics are the source of the variation in performance results.  The groups offer numerous workarounds for these problems.

The upshot of all these things, is that the Water Car era seems to be upon us.  At least the “Do It Yourself”-ers have found significant answers for themselves in these groups.  Businesses are emerging from the forums as DIYers offer assistance to one another with various parts of the systems to which their particular expertise gives rise.  The situation is not unlike the early stages of the personal computer revolution.

Thanks to PESN’s coverage, inquiries and new group members are arriving daily from around the world into these forums.  Successful replications are being report as often.  Though a complete Boyce replication with 60-101 cells and three phase pulsing has not yet been tested and reported; there are a number of people nearing that point.

By comparison one might liken the current stage as the Computer Kit stage with only a couple complete turnkey systems available.  Lets call it the pre-Apple stage.  Good thing oil is useful for other things besides production of gasoline, otherwise one might want to divest oneself of investments in oil even though its current price is $100 a barrel.  One last push for profits from a (thankfully) dying gasoline industry, buggy whips anyone?

Bob recently revealed in posts to a yahoo watercar egroup that his system uses sequence relaxation and phase tweaking to control hydroxy production volume.  Though the result of this looks like frequency shifting to a frequency counter; that is only because of the lack of pulses during the relaxation part of the wave forms.  You might think of it as burst frequency modulation instead of frequency modulation.

The phase tweaking adjusts the relationship of the three frequencies to “fine tune”.  Bob also detailed the method of setup for initial tuning after which little adjustment is need.  Here is the quote…

My favorite implementation was to use pressure transducer output to vary the relaxation delay between pulse string sequences. If looked at on a frequency counter, it would look as though the frequencies of all 3 channels were being changed, but that is only because a frequency counter counts pulses over a set period of time. The pulse streams out of a HexController has series of pulses that are in fixed relation to one another with fixed intervals. Once a cell stack is tuned to “frequency”, which is actually a specific pulse train timing, that timing changes very little, and only in response to electrolyte density.

The pulse durations are hardly ever changed once they are locked onto optimum for a given cell stack system.

The timing of each series of pulse sequences results in predefined sets of pulse intervals within each sequence, and a delay between sequences. These relaxation times can be adjusted slightly to vary production. This is MUCH more effective at varying production than varying pulse width without wasting power. So we can look at it as slight variations in phase between the individual phases within a pulse sequence, which I called “twist”, and larger opportunities of missing pulse time (relaxation time) between pulse sequence sets.

I hope I’m not confusing anyone here, please try to bear with me. i am not always very good at explaining things in ways that everyone can understand.

Frequency is set by not having any phase shift (twist) or sequence delays (relaxation time) set, and tuning the unit timing for maximum production at the least power consumption. After timing is set, then the sensors can be brought online. The temperature sensor provides feedback to adjust pulse timing (not pulse duration) slightly. This can compensate for density changes in the electrolyte.

With any given jump in pulse timing due to temperature compensation, we can fine tune operation for that given timing by adjusting the phase twist slightly. So we really want to leave that variable alone, and use it solely as a means of “fine tuning” for operational changes due to temperature and electrolyte conductivity.

Relaxation time between pulse sequences can be adjusted to control volume of hydroxy gas production on the fly. This can use pressure, flow, and demand (throttle position) all as inputs to determine optimum hydroxy gas production levels.

I should also add… Anyone looking at a frequency counter would mistakenly assume that frequency is changing while adjusting the relaxation time, when really what is changing is the space between sequences, and to a much lesser degree the phase relationship between the 3 channels. (Ref.)

http://pesn.com/2007/01/08/9500445_Bob_Boyce_Electrolyzer_Plans/

http://www.keelynet.com/

http://old.thejakartapost.com/detailfeatures.asp?fileid=20080527.W03&irec=1

Frank Chahyadi : Hyfuel Generator

Turning to Water to Save Fuel

Franky Chahyadi’s motorbike used to travel between 30 and 35 kilometers on one liter of premium fuel. But since he started using an electrolyzer, a liter of premium fuel can keep his motorbike going for 50 to 55 kilometers. And it’s not just his motorbike; his Mercedes C18 is also performing more economically.

Before, a liter of fuel was just enough to travel five kilometers, but with an electrolyzer, his Mercedes travels nine. In 2006, after undertaking numerous tests, Joko found a simple way to separate the hydrogen and oxygen in water and channel the hydrogen to the engine. This can save between 70 and 100 percent of fuel used in motor vehicles.

The shape of the device is quite simple. A coil is wrapped around a plastic soy sauce bottle and is used to transmit an electric current beneath the bottle. The coil is connected to the battery. A pipe is attached to the top of the bottle to connect the engine to the carburetor.

“When the engine is running, it will automatically produce hydrogen and this causes an explosion in the engine,” Joko said. “The chemical formula for water is H2O. If this is subjected to an electric current, it will produce H2 and O2,” Joko said.

About five seconds after the electric current, gas bubbles out of the water. After the gas has been channeled to the trial engine, it explodes and can drive the crankshaft five meters or more.

“This is just from using one piston. If we use three pistons to drive the crankshaft, it can break,” Joko said. He chose a transparent soy sauce bottle because it was cheap, easy to find and safe.

“The transparency can help us check the water’s condition and whether or not it is still clear,” Joko said.

In order to produce good hydrogen, the water should be neutral or rainwater, and it only needs to be changed once a month. The use of tap water can cause problems because it includes other substances that inhibit the production of hydrogen. Joko installed the electrolyzer in his car. Joko said burning hydrogen was good and its octane rating reached 130. This compares with the rating of premium fuel, which is only in the 80s, and Pertamax, with a rating of 94. With the electrolyzer, the burning of fuel is more efficient and the power of the engine is stronger, he said. He said the more efficient burning decreases carbon emissions. Oil use also becomes more economical. It is cleaner because it partly emits water in place of carbon.

“Consequently, water will always come out of vehicles with electrolyzers. When the engine is used for the first time in the morning, the system expels water,” Joko said.

To replace the raw materials used for installation in a motorcycle, the customer is charged Rp 75,000 (US$8) for motorbikes and Rp 150,000 for cars.

“This is not about profit. The money being charged is only used to buy the components,” said Joko, adding more than 1,000 vehicles have used his invention.

Since he has no commercial interest, Joko said he did not want to patent his invention. He hopes people will make the device themselves since its construction is simple and the materials easy to find. Joko is further innovating in trying to develop an engine that uses water as its fuel. He has changed the working mechanisms of a lawn mower engine so the machine can only use exploding hydrogen and not fuel.

“Using 10 soy sauce bottles each containing 0.5 liters of water, the lawn mower engine keeps running,” he said. “I want to try this on my motorcycle just using water.”

Joko believes the fuel crisis will be solved with the creation of a water-powered engine.

http://www.manilamail.com/
http://www.philstar.com/ ( July 9, 2000 )

Dingel’s Water-Powered Car Offered for AFP Use

by

Federico D. Pascual Jr.

HERE we go again!

We finally saw again inventor Daniel D. Dingel after about a year of having sort of drifted away from each other. He was at the ABS-CBN trying to win converts to his hydrocar that, according to his fantastic claim, runs on nothing but water!

Dingel was being interviewed in the “Bantay Kalikasan” program over DZMM by media environmentalist Bong Faustino together with Rudy Lantano, who was discussing on phone patch his concoction of gasoline mixed with alcohol to make it cheaper and environment-friendly.

With the way Dingel and his troupe reacted when I walked into the DZMM booth, I doubt if he had any inkling that he was to see my shadow again that day — particularly at a time when he is making a sales pitch.

Without telling him, Bong invited me to sit with Dingel, I sensed, to balance his presentation.

WITH the previous program “Jeepney ni Erap” anchored by Korina Sanchez having eaten into Bong’s time slot and with his loads of ads to shoot down the listener’s ear, I lost no time in driving home my main point.

Sitting across the desk from Dingel, I reiterated my old challenge to him: If it is true that his car runs on nothing but water, let’s prove it to the whole world by driving it in a supervised 1,000-kilometer demonstration cruise up and down the South Luzon Expressway, from Magallanes to Calamba and back.

I made this suggestion last year, because of lingering suspicion that Dingel’s red Toyota Corolla (UGA 222) still secretly uses gasoline aside from his electrolysis gadget that produces hydrogen gas to feed into his engine.

Even granting it has a secret gas tank, the gasoline (or whatever extra fuel it is) would run out in 1,000 kilometers and reduce the car to exclusive dependence on the water fuel used by Dingel’s invention.

SUCH suspicion of a secret extra fuel is not without basis. At some demonstrations, some engineers checked the exhaust and sniffed the smoke coming out. It smelled of gasoline fumes!

At the Department of Science and Technology, scientists went beyond their noses and actually subjected the emission to scientific tests. They reported traces of carbon oxides, the type one would find in burned gasoline.

Water is two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, nothing more, nothing less. Where did the carbon oxides (oxidized or burned carbon) come from?

To cut short the endless debate about a secret gas tank, we asked Dingel last year, and we repeated the suggested yesterday on the air, that we take the car on a 1,000-km run, continuously feeding it nothing but water.

DINGEL refused, worrying aloud about the monumental security problem involved in having him and the monitors driving up and down the expressway exposed to the world.

Maybe he had a point. Although he is thousands of miles from Sulu, who knows the naughty Abu Sayyaf might just plant a land mind in his tracks nga naman! Or some Lost Command might hijack him and his precious invention!

At that point I was hoping the gods of ABS-CBN would come rushing through the door to assure Dingel that if he would agree to such a road test, they would guarantee his safety and that of his invention.

IF I owned ABS-CBN, I would make such an offer to settle the issue once and for all.

Imagine the media scoop, the spectacle: Dingel’s red hydrocar cruising down the expressway accompanied by a mean-looking security phalanx and the network’s Radyo Patrol reporting live a kilometer-per-kilometer report on the progress of the road test.

President Estrada, besieged as he is with price issues, would do well to order the presidential security unit to help protect the car that might yet free us from the clutches of the oil cartel. During the run, it won’t hurt if Press Secretary Dong Puno, an ABS-CBN alumnus, slips in a Dingel paragraph or two in his news briefing.

The other media won’t be able to ignore the event. Advertisers would scramble to get into the bandwagon. Mother Lily might sign a contract for exclusive rights to the life story of Dingel. The possibilities are endless!

BUT Bong Faustino does not own ABS-CBN and could not commit, right then and there, the attention and the resources of the giant network. So Dingel got away, again, with that lame excuse of lack of security.

The truth is that Dingel never looked like he had a security problem. During those times when he would still talk to me because I was writing about him and his gadget, we would meet at the McDonald’s at BF Homes in Parañaque and chat endlessly while his car is parked blatantly in front of the burgerhouse.

On some occasions, we would even leave his car in the McDo parking lot and use my van to go some place. We had no guard for the car or for his person. Nobody touched his Corolla.

The car is an easy target, even for amateurs. It has markings all over its body announcing that it is Dingel’s water-powered car.

When I saw the car again yesterday at ABS-CBN, it was still the same demo unit. And Dingel was still the same salesman with the same spiel about fantastic dollar offers from some foreign entities scrambling to get first crack at his revolutionary invention.

ASIDE from one ever faithful sidekick whose name I cannot now recall, there is now a small coterie of new converts who look like businessmen smelling of snake oil.

While Dingel was demonstrating his hydrogen-loaded popgun shooting a canister with a loud bang into the air, one of his new devotees told us that their group has convinced somebody in Malacañang, somebody surnamed De Guzman, to have the armed forces adopt the Dingel invention into their motor vehicles and navy craft.

As a taxpayer, I should have butted in with “Teka muna!” — but what the heck. If our countrymen cannot have peace, jobs and food, they can use some entertainment.

WHILE Dingel was demonstrating his hydrogen popgun in the ABS-CBN parking lot, this businessman who told me about the armed forces deal was trying to explain to me how the hydrocar works.

I did not have the heart to tell him that I’ve been there before him. But when he kept referring to Dingel’s device as a “nuclear reactor,” I simply had to react.

I pointedly told him that the demo car did not have a nuclear reactor. I had to explain to him what a nuclear reactor was and that Dingel’s contraption did not touch the nuclei of the hydrogen and the oxygen taken from the water.

This is a simple case of electrolysis, I said, the type of experiment we did in high school science class. An electric current is passed through the water and the water is broken up into its hydrogen and oxygen components.

IN the case of Dingel, he feeds the resulting hydrogen and oxygen into the combustion chamber of the retooled Toyota engine. With the spark plugs triggered, the gaseous mixture explodes, sending the pistons moving and the shafts turning as in a conventional car.

The difference is that instead of the vaporized gasoline-air mixture in a regular car, Dingel uses hydrogen with traces of oxygen. He gets the explosive hydrogen and the combustible oxygen directly from the electrolysis done with his device.

In many similar experiments and inventions in Europe and the United States, they first store the hydrogen gas generated and feed it into the engine as needed. Dingel pipes it directly from the electrolysis process into the engine without storing it first.

ONE of the sources of doubt on the part of DOST scientists is Dingel’s using an ordinary 12-volt car battery to initiate and continue the process of generating hydrogen gas under the hood.

Dingel displays a certification that he uses only 5 amperes to do that, whereas many incredulous engineers say we need more than a thousand times that to accomplish the same work.

They also cite the law of thermodynamics saying in effect that we cannot create matter or energy. They cannot accept that Dingel, with an input of only 12 volts, can generate an output of enormous energy to run a regular combustion engine. How did he create that much energy, they ask.

That’s when they slip in the suggestion that he is probably also using gasoline from a secret tank.

THIS brings us back to our ultimate test: Let’s just run the car for 1,000 kms. on nothing but water, stopping briefly every 100 kilometers to check its vital signs. If there is some other fuel secretly being fed into it, as its critics allege, this hidden fuel should run out in 1,000 kms.

The big question is why Dingel is scared of a public test that will, theoretically, prove precisely his point that it’s just water running his car.

http://www.fairfaxnz.co.nz ( 13 October 2007 )

Fuel From Water Becoming Reality Says Kiwi Firm

Imagine watering the garden, then turning the hose into your petrol tank and filling up the car.

It has been a holy grail for an age, a water-based fuel. Well, that technology may already be here, claims small Kiwi company Bios Fuel.

But scientists remain sceptical and say an engine running on water defies the laws of physics.

Bios Fuel began with a concept in 1996, as founder Steve Ryan was tinkering with an old motorbike engine in an Auckland garage.

He started to believe that burning the hydrogen contained in water in a combustion engine was not just science fiction.

In 2002 he left a finance career to focus on researching the concept.

Two years ago Mr Ryan went public, running a 350cc motorbike on water for the 60 Minutes television show.

Now Bios Fuel is preparing to drive 3000 kilometres from Darwin to Adelaide on a blend of waste oil and water, as part of the Panasonic World Solar Challenge.

Mr Ryan says the water-based fuel allows hydrogen to be housed safely in water and released.

It is blended with waste oil for lubrication and a bonding agent, but the power comes from the water.

Waikato University senior engineering lecturer Mike Duke is deeply sceptical of the claims.

He says the problem is that the amount of energy needed to extract energy from water is greater than the energy produced.

There was “a lot of pseudo science out there,” Dr Duke said. “They’re claiming something that I don’t buy, but if they can prove it to me, then I’ll buy them a beer.”

But Mr Ryan says the fuel runs via a normal combustion system – it’s the delivery system that is the key and must remain under wraps.

The Solar Challenge will demonstrate the potential of alternative fuel technology to operate in an extreme environment, says company spokesman Cam Feast.

“It gives us the opportunity to show that recycling second- and third-generation waste is an option when emulsified with water.”

A battered old 1989 Land Cruiser with 400,000 kilometres on the clock will be used for the challenge.

The implications of water-based fuels are huge, he says.

“Water doesn’t have to be spring-fed, it can be waste water, from your shower or sink, rainwater from the gutter, or seawater.

Diesel engines can be run on very high percentages of water and small amounts of waste oil for lubrication. It requires no electricity, no heat, and emissions consist mainly of water vapour.”

So why isn’t this technology already on the shelf?

Mr Ryan says scepticism from the scientific community and the public remains the main barrier to water-fuel technology.

He says there has been more support from the United States, and that is where Bio Fuels will focus its efforts.

“New Zealand will still be the home base, but there’s a need to go where the market is.”

CAVEAT

HYFUEL DANGERS

From:  Richard Coyle <racprops@cox.net>

This is what I have seen over the past four months, sorry the HAFC was not good, in fact so bad I quit, after a lost/cost of around $20,000.00 invested.

I have worked on about 12 cars and only one had a unknown defect.

The rest all were fine good running cars.

Many got good mileage at first but all have problems show up, some with in a couple of days.

Three saw no improvement.

We got better mileage in two cars (32 to 43MPG) and Then got 71 MPG and 81 MPG up from 32 MPG stock on two other cars, and took two vans from 12 MPG to 19/20MPG.

BUT not one would hold it,  all faded away with in a few days to a week and all got problems, like stuck idle motors (2), boiling water and gunk in the motors,(4) two got plugged air filters, one HAFC blew apart and sprayed chemical all over the engine.

One van is a 87 MiniVan and has no computer to fight us but it loses it mileage with in a week and we have to clean and renew its water and chemicals.
It seems we are cracking the chemical not the water.

Now I sure you will say I do not know what I am doing, perhaps, I was trained by one of their best trainers and certified as a trainer/teacher myself, and IF I did not know what I was doing how did I get such high mileage’s figures??

I quit the company when I saw all of the last cars: two vans and four cars and the problems we were getting, two idle motors stuck, three cars with idle problems, boiling water in one car, soft hoses, hoses slipping off fittings, a car when it lost a hose and sprayed chemical all over the engine, heard from a dealer melt downs was common, heard from Mike Holler on a tech line call how someone had to buy a new transmission when a HAFC leaked and ate a hole though the aluminum case, blame was placed on installer, bet he did not know how soft the crap hoses get at engine temps, might rethink the cause of that failure…NO safety to cut power to cell if it runs dry, no way for car to run right with a downed cell….

Lack of any instructions to add bubblier…( now added I hear…)

I for one can not afford to buy someone a new motor after this system eats the motor. I sure can not afford to buy EVERYONE a new motor…

I have been warning everyone I could with this email:

I will repeat this warning as often as needed. On any and all Hydro systems:

There are two main risks: explosion and chemical damage to your engine.

Beware of any that call for lots of chemical, (KOH, NaOH (lye)) use double bubblers to help catch any before going to your motor. It does not stay in the tanks but can get into your motor as gas, I will post pictures of a Bubblier that contains this gunk and how it coats the walls to show you of this problem.

http://www.racprops.com/HAFC/Crud%20in%20Bubblier/

Feed gas below your air filter to let it be you last line of defense.

DO NOT use any of the wire and glass jar units.

What every unit you get if they do not tell you to control the main relay with the Fuel Pump relay, be worried what else they did not tell you correctly.

NEVER NEVER set it up to turn on any other way BUT so it comes on after the motor is running and is turned off automatically with the motor.

I know of three cases where this was NOT done, one burst his air cleaner, another broke his intake manifold and the third one was lucky his battery was dead that morning as his ran as long as the battery was able to power it, one spark and good by truck.

Many cells start making gas within seconds and it can fill the air cleaner before you get started, add a slight misfire and BOOM.

NEVER NEVER hook it up to any engine vacuum.

The Fuel pump relay is the only way to go.

IF there is no fuel pump relay (like Toyota) use the oil presser sender.

I feel this is so important I will give the design away.

http://www.racprops.com/Hydro%20Fuel%20Cell/

http://www.lovelycitizen.com/story/1462246.html
Wednesday, September 17, 2008

Local man runs generator on tap water

by

Don Lee

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January 12, 1997

Abstract/Summary

Climaxing centuries of medical research, an “accident” re–discovery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1990 resulted in a reliable, positive, reproducible and recently patented (U.S. #5,188,738) cure for “incurable” diseases including AIDS, cancer, gulf war syndrome, biological warfare plagues plus emerging viruses. Essentially it consists of passing microcurrents (50-100 microamps) through flowing blood, which is now proven to eliminate all infections and quickly restore damaged immune systems. This appears to have been suppressed because electromedicine instead of pharmaceuticals drastically limits cartel profits and re–empowers patients’ sovereignty over all diseases. Strangely, it was never again mentioned except in Science News, March 30, 1991, pg. 207. …

Hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children receiving state-of- the-art medical care die traumatically and financially stressed every year with “incurable” diseases. [The patents proving the effectiveness of blood electrification against all infectious agents require blood to be removed from the body. But this research tool provides an opportunity for mild electrification without puncturing the skin. The current reaches the blood through the skin by placing electrodes over the two arteries (not veins) on the wrist which are closer to the skin surface. Researchers are offered an opportunity to experiment in their efforts to restore health privately.] It may be vastly superior to antibiotics and other known treatments, since electrification when properly applied has no side effects …

Cancer treated by currently acceptable allopathic techniques (surgery, radiation and chemotherapy) costs an average of $375,000 but patients seldom survive five years. … An optimally functioning immune system has long been known to eliminate cancer, yet cancer is generally treated as a separate disease. [Live blood cell analysis indicates electrification may stimulate the immune system.] But you may never see electrification mentioned in a politically correct or establishment–serving media. … The author has spent several years researching all aspects of electrification and can suggest do–it– yourself apparatus and simple techniques which theoretically safely eliminate all pathogens, bacteria, virus, parasites, fungus, and germs which devastate health and are immune system destroyers. … Many previously dying patients have come forward now completely well and symptom free. Anyone can do this for himself if his unconscious death–wish agendas or disbelief in new discoveries or blind faith in the medical “priesthood” are overcome. If the user assembles his own system from scratch, everything should total about $150 minimum up to $450 maximum depending on elaborateness for this one–time investment. … If working instruments are purchased from manufacturers this cost could be more. After this one–time initial outlay, out–of–pocket operating costs (replacement batteries) will be only about [$10] per patient per complete cure or almost nothing with rechargeables. Everyone using electrification should experience dramatic health benefits immediately, even if not knowingly afflicted. Common colds can be [halted quickly].

All four synergistic and essential elements are …

1) Building or acquiring a functioning battery–powered blood electro–purifier that attaches externally to the Radial and Ulnar artery pulse points on one wrist. Improvement may be experienced within three weeks with daily electrification of two hours.

2) A very simple and inexpensive instrument for making any quantity of Ionic Silver Colloids for pennies ensuring anyone an intact secondary immune system.

3) A high–intensity MAGNETIC PULSER which destroys any residual germinating or incubating pathogens in lymph and other organs by inducing back e.m.f. in tissue consequently preventing self re– infection.

4) An OZONATOR easily made with tropical fish store components to charge drinking water with 03. Ozone comfortably detoxifies by oxidation any wastes which the body must eliminate while regaining perfect health.

PRECAUTIONS:

Do NOT use wrist–to–wrist with subjects using cardiac pacemakers. Any electrical signals may interfere with “demand” type heart pacers and cause malfunction. Single wrist/forearm locations should be acceptable.
Do NOT use on pregnant women, while driving or using hazardous machinery.
Users MUST avoid ingesting anything containing medicinal herbs, foreign or domestic, or potentially toxic medication, nicotine, alcohol, recreational drugs, laxatives, tonics, garlic, etc. and certain potentially toxic vitamins for several days before starting because blood electrification can cause electroporation which makes cell membranes pervious to small quantities of normally harmless chemicals in plasma. The effect is the same as extreme overdosing which might be lethal.

January 14, 1998

(The complete process is described here in detail to allow anyone to successfully achieve recoveries and insure that the currently proven methods will never again be “lost” or suppressed.)

WHAT YOU DO:

Apply salt-water moistened electrodes over Ulnar and Radial arteries on opposite insides of same wrist. A Velcro(R) and elastic strap holds electrodes in place. You must electrify blood for one to two hours every day for three weeks. This should not interfere with other activities. As your blood circulates normally, enough will be flowing along this path in forearm until most blood in your body is eventually treated by the 50 to 100 microampere current flowing internally. About 3 to 5 milliamperes is necessary at the skin to overcome resistive losses through tissue before current reaches blood.

Drink 8 to 16 OZ of 3 to 5 ppm self-made Silver Colloid daily. Costing under 1 cent per gallon, colloids are shown to easily control opportunistic infections. This gives you a second intact immune system. Colloids can be generated in the same water while ozonizing.

Apply your magnetic pulse generator for about 20 minutes daily by positioning and pulsing coil over lymph nodes and internal organs. Pulse each time it recharges at several second intervals. Pulses of high intensity time-varying magnetic flux generate a measurable back e.m.f. in adjacent tissue thus neutralizing any residual germinating and incubating pathogens. Without this step, sufferers have been known to sometimes reinfect themselves. Conventional permanent magnets positively will not work.

Drink as much ozonated water as you can comfortably ingest daily. You must generate fresh ozone yourself each time and drink immediately since ozone has a half-life of only a few minutes. All known pathogens and cancers are anaerobic. Ozone aids their elimination by oxidation and speeds your detoxification and recovery with no discomfort. Consuming ozone water flushes neutralized pathogens, wastes and toxins from your system.

THESE FOUR STEPS WORK SYNERGISTICALLY AND ALMOST MAGICALLY AND SHOULD BE USED TOGETHER. AVERAGE TIME FOR RECOVERY IS UNDER A MONTH.
If you are not technically oriented, you may skip the following.

HOW AND WHY YOU must DO THIS:

The blood electrifier and silver colloid maker are usually combined in one small plastic box, typically 3-3/4″ X 2-1/4″ X 1″ (cigarette pack size) containing one outlet for wrist electrodes and a second outlet for colloid making. A single 9 volt transistor radio battery drives a voltage tripler, and a single-IC-chip switches the 27 volts from negative to positive 3.92 times each second. A biphasic square wave with sharp rise time output is fed to a 3.5 mm jack connecting to two 3/32″ stainless steel electrodes 1″ long each covered with two layers of 100% cotton flannel saturated with dilute salt water. A potentiometer allows users to adjust output until comfortable. Red and green LED’s show polarity reversal (essential for safe blood electrification) and overall system functioning. A grain-of-wheat lamp indicates current flow when making ionic colloid. Precise electrode locations are determined by carefully feeling arterial pulse points on opposite insides of same wrist and positioning saturated electrodes precisely along the paths where arteries come closest to surface. Locations are critical, since objective is to supply maximal current into blood and not waste it in surrounding flesh. Typical impedance measured from electrode-to-electrode may be as low as 2000 ohms. Adjust output for strongest comfortable level. Schematics, parts lists and detailed instructions appear in [elsewhere in these lecture notes]. Anyone can build his own system: you need buy nothing except replacement batteries. However commercially available systems are inexpensive, reliable, and are usable immediately.

Ionic Silver Colloids of excellent quality and freshness are easily user-made as follows – Pure silver (99.9%) 14 gauge electrodes, providing anode and cathode about 6″ long, are immersed in an 8 OZ glass of room-temperature water (tap or distilled) and the 27 volt DC output is applied for about 3 minutes in tap water and 20 minutes in distilled water or until water appears milky. Stir and drink immediately two or three times daily. I ozonate the water while making colloid and drink the combination immediately. Some prefer “golden” colloids, easily made by using only heated (150 degrees F) distilled water in Pyrex containers with electrodes activated for ~20 minutes. Store silver colloid in dark brown bottles. Keep out of light and do not refrigerate.

MAGNETIC PULSER: This extremely useful tool neutralizes active, hibernating or incubating pathogens being normally processed in lymph, spleen, liver, skin, kidney, stomach muscles and other tissue. It is easily made by purchasing or winding a ~2.5 millihenry coil and driving it with a 35 to 70 Watt-Second (Joules) electronic flash or “strobe”. (A Joule is (1/2 CV^2) where C is in microfarads and V is in Kilovolts.) A self-wound inductance coil of ~130 turns of 14 or 16 gauge, plain enameled magnet wire works well. A 2.5 mH audio speaker cross-over coil is prettier. The coil is simply wired between one electrode of the strobe flash lamp and its capacitor. The device, if self-made, costs about $27 and is vasty more powerful than $5000 to $7O00 commercial devices of far less measurable power. The coil kicks a steel washer several feet into the air when pulsed thus showing the “occult” (invisible) energy going into your body during use. A typical finished device (Future Tech Today, USA 1-(866)-747-7447) tests 600 mfd, 330-350V, 36 WS, 21,429 Gauss, 105 Amperes peak, 17,850 Ampere Turns pulse rise time ~1.8 microseconds, pulse duration ~2.6 milliseconds, penetration ~8″ in tissue. It and its AC power supply fit in a box 1-1/2″ X 2-5/8″ X 4-1/2″ with an external applicator coil 2-3/4″ diameter X 1-3/8″ thick on a 4′ cord. (These details are offered for professionals only.)

OZONIZED DRINKING WATER: Before adding this final step to the “magic four”, we had some very uncomfortable full-blown AIDS patients while they were detoxifying. All are now completely well and symptom free. By simply drinking ozone-charged water, most of the benefits of ozone use such as insufflation (ozone enemas), autohemotherapy, ozone injections and blood bubbling, Oxygen Bars and Hyperbaric Oxygen chambers were easily surpassed and made simple and inexpensive. Tanks of “medical oxygen” (identical to welding oxygen) require medical prescriptions. Ozonized water is made from oxygen in ambient air and costs nothing. MAKING YOUR OWN: You can purchase ozone generators legally in tropical fish (aquarium) stores. Preferred is the 200 ML Sander (brand) ozonizer used with an aquarium aerator pump. Air pumped through a bubble-making “stone” is passed through chilled water. Depending on the strength ozone maker you buy, water becomes “saturated” in a few minutes and must be drunk immediately. You can see an increase in % blood oxygen saturation which often reaches 100% within minutes. Do NOT use ultra-violet (cheapest but almost useless) generators. Use ONLY cold-corona high voltage ozonizers.

http://altered-states.net/barry/bobbeck/differences.htm

“…The Zapper is a small electronic device developed by Dr. Hulda Clark and her son, Geoff Clark, that delivers an electrical current to the body of approximately 7 to 8 volts, with some units going as high as 15 volts. The distinguishing feature of a zapper is that it is designed to produce a square wave with a frequency of about 30KHz (Kilohertz) to 32KHz. There are some units that have frequencies much lower, as low as 15Hz, and some that even have variable frequencies. The lower frequencies are supposed to make it easier for the current to penetrate into the body and be more effective. Regardless of the frequency used, all Clark Zappers work on the same principle of a DC current with a square wave applied to the body through the use of wrist straps, handholds, conductive bands, pads, etc. Virtually all zappers use wrist straps or handholds. Whatever method is used to make contact, it is recommended that you routinely switch positions to different parts of the body to promote penetration of the current to all areas and extremities.

Most Zappers use conductive wrist straps, mainly for the convenience of keeping your hands free to do other things while zapping. The wrist straps are very convenient to use, but are limited to use on each wrist, so you can’t “target” specific areas with them. There are also varying opinions on whether wrist straps provide the proper amount of current required to do an effective job. So far, I’ve not seen anything that makes a definitive case one way or another, so I own and use both types. There are also a number of other types of conductive bands, gel pads, slippers, plates, etc.

A typical session with a Zapper lasts one hour, consisting of 7 minutes of use followed by a 20 minute rest period, then another 7 minutes of use, 20 minutes of rest, and a final 7 minutes of use. Many people are now recommending and doing continuous zapping for a minimum of 1 hour or more at a time. You don’t want to use a Zapper for only a few minutes and then quit. When you stir things up you need to do the minimum session of 1 hour to prevent problems. Longer sessions of zapping, including up to 24 hours per day, are possible and many people routinely zap hours every day for weeks at a time.

The Bob Beck Blood Purifier is also an electronic device that uses two small electrodes that are placed over major blood arteries (not veins) on the wrists or ankles, and held in place with a strap. Both electrodes are placed on the same wrist or ankle about an inch apart. The unit uses a higher voltage than the Zapper, about 27-32 volts compared to only 7 or 8 volts for the Zapper, but with a much lower frequency, typically 4Hz. Some units use a 100Hz frequency that is believed to reduce or eliminate problems with electroporation. The amount of current entering the bloodstream from the electrodes is very small, only in the micro-current range.

As the blood circulates past the electrodes all the “critters” in it are given a jolt. On average it only takes 8 1/2 to 9 minutes for a person’s blood to circulate through the entire body and pass by the electrodes on the wrist. Worst case scenario is about 10 minutes, so in two hours you get a minimum of 12 total blood volume circulations. A normal session is 2 or more hours of continuous use per day for 4 to 6 weeks. It takes a commitment, but the results are worth it for many people.

The Magnetic Pulse Generator does not use electrical currents, but instead uses a high intensity, short duration magnetic pulse of approximately 43,000 Gauss as its means of killing or immobilizing parasites. The unit consists of a small box which holds the electronics and a round coil attached by a cord. It is the coil which produces the pulse every 5-8 seconds. The coil can be placed anywhere on the body, including the head and face. The ability to place the coil anywhere means that areas not covered by the Zapper or the Beck Blood Purifier are easily treated, including the Lymph system, stomach, head, and intestines.

All three devices are attempting to do the same thing, i.e. to use either small electrical currents or high intensity magnetic pulses to kill living organisms that are in your body that shouldn’t be there. This includes organisms such as viruses, bacteria, mold, fungi, and the larger parasites such as tapeworms, ringworms, roundworms, flukes, etc. I’ll be using the term parasite from here on to mean any and all of the previously mentioned organisms. So please keep that in mind while reading the remaining text…”

http://www.cancertutor.com/Cancer02/BobBeck-BP.html

Michael Forrest’s BioElectric “Microbe Electrifier” is the only one that also allows you to use frequencies higher than Beck’s 4 hertz in order to avoid the transfection/electroporation effect. He relies on a graph of frequency verses transfection in the Biophysical Journal, volume 58, 1990 as his proof that 10 hertz and above cause no transfection.

He says that although Beck settled on 3.9 hertz, he had admitted that the deactivation of microbes was not dependant on a specific frequency. The tests by Lyman and Kaali were actually with zero frequency- direct current! But DC causes blood cell clumping as well as transfection. Use of 10 or 40 hertz can be important for cancer patients if they want to continue to use strong herbs or other strong supplements.

BioElectric also recommends placing the electrodes wrist-to-wrist or ankle-to-ankle in order to be able to use comfortable levels of electrical current because most of the current will concentrate itself in the arteries between the shoulders and in the groin area.

Other companies, such as Sota Instruments, recommend placing electrodes on one wrist because that is the last recommendation Beck gave. But BioElectric says Beck did that only for convenience sake and that Beck’s own research proved that 97% of the current was lost by it crossing the wrist instead of going into the arteries!!

Beck admitted that the extreme amount of 3mA (3 milliamps) had to be applied wrist to wrist in order for the correct amount of current to be measurable in the forearm artery. BioElectric says that very few people can tolerate that amount of electricity.

Comments About What Can Be Taken With the Protocol

All following comments about restrictions in regard to use of the Blood Electrifier in the Beck Protocol apply only to using 4 hertz as the blood electrification frequency. That is because very low frequencies cause the blood cells to easily absorb strong chemicals (synthetic drugs or strong natural medicines) and become toxic. This results in feeling very sickly with a killer headache and can even cause death in extreme cases.

Traditional Beck blood electrifiers allow only 4 hertz as the frequency. Newer versions allow higher frequencies for reducing and/or eliminating the high-absorption effect. Beck called the effect “electroporation” but really that is a word that is used by scientists to describe an extreme cellular poration acheived by application of near 1000 volts to a test tube containing a cell culture so that they will quickly absorb whatever the scientists have mixed in with the culture.

A better term is “transfection” which is what happens at much lower potencies of applied alternating current such as blood electrification.

The Biophysics Journal, vol 58, reported that close to 1 hertz caused the greatest amount of transfection, 4 hertz caused 11% as much, and 10 hertz and above caused none. The graph can be seen at:

http://www.dragonfly75.com/eng/transfection.html

So herbs, vitamins and drugs pose no threat when doing 10 hertz blood electrification, although with strong drugs it is best to use 40 hertz and do the electrotherapy each day before taking any drugs. See the links at the bottom of the page for a supplier of a 4/10/40 hertz Blood Electrifier.

In a moment there will be a long list of foods and other things that cannot be used with the 4 Hz Bob Beck Protocol. Many supplements and herbs, and even some mild drugs, can be taken with the Bob Beck Protocol as long as they are taken soon after the electromedicine treatments are finished for the day.

In other words, by taking them after the electromedicine treatment is finished for the day, there are many hours for the body to use them before the next electromedicine treatment begins, which will be on the next day.

In other words, transfection (ie; an electrically induced increase of cellular permeability which allows many substances to be absorbed by healthy cells) dies down very quickly after the treatment is over, allowing a patient to take herbs or some mild drugs soon after the electromedicine treatment is finished for the day (e.g. 15 minutes after). Because it will be at least 20 hours before the next electromedicine treatment begins (and transfection begins), the herbs and mild drugs should have left the bloodstream. The rule of thumb is that at least 95% of the items should be out of the blood stream before the next days electromedicine treatment begins.

Time-released drugs, of course, should be considered independently.

If you feel there are things you must take during the Bob Beck Protocol, you can experiment to see if they will conflict with the Bob Beck Protocol. For example, 15 minutes after the end of the Bob Beck Protocol for the day, take a small dose (i.e. 1/10th of a normal dose) of the substance you need to take. If you do not feel ill on the next day during the Bob Beck Protocol, you can increase the dose slightly (by another tenth).

This constitutes a buildup to see what dose you can tolerate during the Bob Beck Protocol. A gradual buildup will provide a safe early warning system that this substance should not be taken with the Bob Beck Protocol.

Highly potent drugs, such as chemotherapy, absolutely should NOT be experimented with. They simply should not be taken during the Bob Beck Protocol. Only fairly mild drugs, supplements and herbs should be experimented with.

Those who have been on the Budwig Diet (i.e. cottage cheese and flaxseed oil) should continue the Budwig Diet during the Bob Beck Protocol. It is considered food, so it doesn’t matter when you take it.

Because the Bob Beck Protocol does not rebuild the cell walls of a cancer patient, cancer patients who go into remission should go on a one-year “Remission” treatment after the Bob Beck Protocol. See:
Remission Article

Why Some Patients Cannot Use This Treatment

Unfortunately, not every cancer patient can use the Bob Beck Protocol. There are many restrictions to using the Bob Beck Protocol, but the main restriction, in almost all cases, that cannot easily be overcome, is that no one using any type of strong prescription drug can go on the 4 hertz Bob Beck Protocol until they are able to safely get off of their strong prescription drugs before they start their treatment.

Virtually everyone who has been under the “care” of orthodox medicine is on many prescription drugs, most of which are to treat the symptoms of the main prescription drug. This is by definition, because that is what medical doctors are taught to do – sell things for the pharmaceutical industry.

In most cases, by doing your homework, within a few days or few weeks, it is possible to get off of your strong prescription drugs. However, there are some cases where this is virtually impossible to do. If you cannot figure out a way to get off of your strong prescription drugs, with your doctor’s permission, then you will not be able to go on the 4 hertz Bob Beck Protocol. It is that simple.

As mentioned above, only mild prescription drugs can be experimented with. If during the experimentation you have a dangerous or very painful reaction, you must stop the Bob Beck Protocol immediately. Do not resume the Bob Beck Protocol unless you have waited at least 48 hours after getting completely off the drugs.

There is a fine line between which drugs are totally forbidden and which ones can be experimented with. This is up to the patient, family and their doctor. More will be said about this issue later.

The Rules For Using the Bob Beck Protocol

Generally speaking: NO OTHER alternative cancer treatment or orthodox cancer treatment that produces strong side effects can be used with the Bob Beck Protocol. They must be STOPPED or reduced at least 2 days prior to starting the Bob Beck protocol. The cesium chloride protocol should be stopped at least 2 weeks before starting the Bob Beck Protocol.

The reason for this rule is detoxification. The Bob Beck Protocol by itself will create a great deal of detox symptoms. To add more debris from another cancer treatment may create far more detox than the liver and other organs of the body can handle.

However, because the Bob Beck equipment may not all arrive at the same time, you should wait until all of the equipment arrives before stopping your current cancer treatment(s). Then wait at least 2 whole days before starting the Bob Beck Protocol.

The Bob Beck Protocol generally has been used by itself because it can create a significant amount of detox symptoms. (But that can be limited by limiting the treatment times to just enough to create a limited amount of detox that you can handle without getting sickly.)

The Bob Beck Protocol creates a lot of debris (regardless of hertz), but it does not cure cancer quickly because it does not kill cancer cells directly. By allowing the body to rid itself of microbes, the immune system will be able to supercharge itself. But this takes time, and many cancer patients don’t have much time to live, thus they have no choice except to take some risks.

Thus, for a cancer patient who has months to live without any treatment, they should not take any risks and they should not take any other supplements, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, other alternative cancer treatments, etc. with the 4 hertz Bob Beck Protocol. The exception is the Budwig Diet and other food-based treatments.

The more advanced a cancer patient is, the more important time becomes, and the more risks should be taken. But the risks should not be done blindly. The concepts in this article should be followed.

Standard List of Things Forbidden with 4 hertz Beck blood purifiers:

1) NO orthodox cancer treatments – NONE,
2) NO other alternative cancer treatments (see above),
3) NO prescription drugs (see above),
4) NO pain killers,
5) NO blood thinners (e.g. Coumadin),
6) NO herbs (including NO seasonings),
7) NO garlic or anything closely related to garlic!! (especially no garlic)
8) NO strong over-the-counter medications (e.g. no aspirin, no Tylenol),
9) NO vitamins (especially no vitamin A),
10) NO supplements, including NO enzymes,
11) NO alcohol, “recreational” drugs, coffee, tea, etc.,
12) NO smoking,
13) NOT for pregnant women,
14) NOT for those with pacemakers,
15) etc. etc.

Only healthy foods can be used with this treatment (but no garlic, no onions, no spices with 4 Hz treatment). You should drink a lot of water (this includes the ozonated water) to help rid the body of deactivated microbes. It is not advised to drink soda pop. Soda pop dehydrates the body and taking it would require that you drink more water (obviously, do not drink anything with aspartame – e.g. NutraSweet, Equal, etc.). Soda pop is also very acidic.

To make sure you understand this: This treatment CANNOT be used with chemotherapy or radiation!!

Here is a quote from Bob Beck on this issue of 4 hertz treatment:

“First, for several days prior to starting this program, you must avoid ingesting anything containing medicinal herbs, foreign or domestic, or potentially toxic medication, nicotine, alcohol, recreational drugs, laxatives, tonics, garlic and certain potentially toxic vitamins, because blood electrification will cause electroporation, …, which is lethal. You can read “Electroporation, A General Phenomenon for Manipulating Cells and Tissues,” by J.C. Weaver, Journal of Cellular Biology, Book 51, page 426 (1993), Harvard/MIT. ” [Interview with Dr. Beck, 1997]

Transfection will allow substances to enter cells at a rate 20 to 30 times HIGHER than they normally do. This is why so many things are absolutely forbidden. For example, taking 2 aspirin during the 4 Hz treatment is really the equivalent of taking 40 to 60 aspirin, as just one example!!!

These severe restrictions have no room for error because of 4 hertz transfection. These rules should be enforced for at least two days prior to starting the Bob Beck Protocol.

The rules do not apply to the colloidal silver or ozonated water. However, the colloidal silver should be taken after the two electromedicine treatments are finished for the day.

If you skip a day (using the electromedicine equipment) in the middle of your treatment, you still need to follow the strict rules.

If you have a health problem, such as a brain seizure, and have to take medication, then you need to immediately stop all use of the Blood Electrifier and Magnetic Pulse Generator until you can go two days without any medications and begin the treatment again.

The Bob Beck Protocol

The Bob Beck Protocol includes four independent treatments, all of which are designed to do one thing – disable microbes in the body (i.e. stop their ability to reproduce) or kill them (in the case of colloidal silver and to a lesser degree ozonated water)… here is an overview of the treatment:

Blood Electrification

This treatment disables microbes as they float through the bloodstream. This is an important part of the protocol, even though most cancer cells, which contain many of the microbes that need to be disabled, do not float around in the blood.

Once the microbes are disabled, they are harmless and the body will eventually excrete them.

Pulsed Magnetic Fields (i.e. Magnetic Pulser)

The purpose of this treatment is to dislodge microbes that are not floating around in the bloodstream, but are “hiding” in root canals, the lymph system, the stomach area, etc so that they enter the bloodstream and are deactivated by blood electrification. This is a very important part of the protocol for cancer patients, because to supercharge the immune system all of the microbes outside of the cancer cells need to be attenuated!!

Colloidal Silver

Colloidal silver is an antimicrobial nutrient and is perfectly safe for humans, pets and plants. If the colloidal silver is absorbed by a cancer cell, it will probably kill the microbe inside the cell, thus allowing the cell to revert back into a normal cell. However, its main purpose is to kill the microbes in the blood and most of those in hiding.

Drinking Ozonated Water or Ozonated Water

Ozone is well-known for killing microbes and killing cancer cells. The only thing that is not known is whether there is enough ozone in the water to kill the cancer cells or the microbes inside the cancer cells. However, like the colloidal silver, it is designed to kill the microbes in the blood and those in hiding.

If you have root canals, it is important to let some of the ozonated water sit inside the mouth. In other words, fill the mouth with ozonated water two or three times per treatment, then let it sit in the mouth covering your root canal teeth (for a couple of minutes each time). In this way some of the ozonated water will get inside the root canal teeth and kill some microbes inside the root canal teeth and be a catalyst for the Magnetic Pulser inside the teeth.

Since killing cancer cells can create inflammation, swelling and congestion, if you start to get inflammation, swelling or congestion during this treatment (which becomes dangerous), stop using the ozonated water and continue with the other items which cannot kill cancer cells.

The official main purpose of the ozonated water is to detoxify the body.

The Order of Taking These Things

It is important NOT to use the Magnetic Pulser at the same time as the Blood Electrification equipment. The Magnetic Pulser, if accidentally allowed to magnetically pulse the blood electrifier, could damage it.

It would be best to use the Magnetic Pulser before using the Blood Electrification equipment. The reason is that the Magnetic Pulser may break apart colonies of microbes and release them into the bloodstream where the Blood Electrification equipment can disable them.

The Blood Electrification treatment should be started about 15 to 30 minutes after the end of the Magnetic Pulser. Again, they should NOT be used at the same time.

When to take the ozonated water is discussed later in this article.

It would be wise to take the colloidal silver about 15 minutes after finishing the two electromedicine treatments. The reason is that the electromedicine items will “open up” the cells and any colloidal silver in the bloodstream may go inside of non-cancerous cells. This will not create any kind of danger, but it is best to maximize the amount of colloidal silver available to go inside of cancer cells.

In the links at the bottom of this web page, there is a link to a VHS tape called: “Beck Video Part 2 – VHS.” It is critical you buy and watch this video because the lecture will include a demonstration on how to use the equipment and will discuss many of the safety issues. See the links below.

The Side-Effects

If you follow all of the safety precautions, the only side-effects you will have will be related to the detoxification. The “build-up” is designed specifically to minimize the detoxification side-effects. The descriptions below include a “build-up” for all four of the treatments.

There may be a lot of toxins in your body that need to get out of your body, and no matter what you do they will need to find a way to get out.

Perhaps the most distressful symptom is when a puss oozes out of your body. It can ooze out of your body anywhere. It can happen on the top of the head or the face, or anywhere else. THIS IS A GOOD SIGN!! It is a sign the treatment is working!! These toxins and disabled microbes have to get out of your body, and it is a good thing when they do get out of your body. Let them come out, don’t try to stop them from leaving your body, they need to leave the body!! It is better that the disabled microbes exit your body through your skin than pass through your liver.

There might even be some swelling caused by puss which has not yet found a way out of the body. In most cases, this too is a good sign. However, if it is swelling caused by your diet killing cancer cells (and the immune system attacking the dying cancer cells), then it may not be a good sign.

However, when any serious side-effects are noticed, the treatment should be stopped immediately and started over again from the beginning, using a “smaller and slower buildup” (i.e. the build-up doses should be smaller and the build-up times should be longer). The reason for stopping the treatment and starting over has to do with your key organs, especially your liver and kidney.

Another important issue is the “friendly” bacteria in the digestive tract. These are important for food digestion. It is quite possible the colloidal silver and ozonated water will kill them. Be prepared to add some probiotics, or other digestion products, to your diet to replenish the “friendly” bacteria. …

1987-05-19
Inventor(s): COSTA JONATHAN L [US]; HOFMANN GUNTER A [US] + (COSTA, JONATHAN L, ; HOFMANN, GUNTER A)
Applicant(s): MAXWELL LAB [US] + (MAXWELL LABORATORIES, INC)
Classification: – international: A61N2/02; A61N2/00; (IPC1-7): A61B17/52- European: A61N2/02
Cited documents: US3368155 // US3467076 //US4134395 //    US4323056
Abstract – A body part of an animal afflicted with malignant cells is disposed within a magnetic coil and subjected to a plurality of magnetic field pulses, the pulses having intensities of between about 1 and about 100 Tesla and characteristic frequencies of between about 5 and about 1000 kHz. The pulsed magnetic field selectively inactivates and/or destroys malignant cells with relatively little damage to normal tissue as compared to conventional radiation therapy procedures.

Description

The present invention relates to a method or treating cancer and more particularly to destroying malignant cells with a pulsed magnetic field.

The terms “malignancy” and “cancer” generally refer to an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. To successfully treat cancer, the abnormal cells must be eliminated or their growth must be arrested or significantly retarded. In some cases, particularly where the malignancy is localized and accessible, the cancer is successfully treated by surgical removal of the cancerous tumor. In other cases, particularly where the tumor is inaccessible or where the malignancy has metastasized, e.g., systemically, treatment often involves procedures, such as chemotherapy or ionizing radiation therapy, which kill malignant cells and/or retard their growth. Invariably, substantial damage to normal tissues is attendant on such methods, and a critical factor in all applications of such methods is the relative kill ratio of the clonogenic malignant cells to normal cells.

X-ray radiation is one of many procedures used in the therapeutic treatment of cancers. In general, the applied radiation is sufficient to destroy the reproductive integrity of a tumor cell. In such a procedure, it is necessary to kill every clonogenic malignant cell or the cancer will regrow. In general, not all cells in a malignancy are clonogenic, and a residual population fraction of 10@-2 to 10@-3 may be small enough for the malignancy not to recur. The application of ionizing radiation has certain contraindictions, such as the destruction of normal cells and in some cases the suppression of the immune system.

The kill mechanisms for exposure to ionizing radiation follow a hierarchial pattern. At very high doses in the range of 10,000 rad, the cells are killed through the deactivation of enzymes. In the range of 1,000 rad, cells may be killed through the rupture of their outer membranes. In the lower dose range of about 100 rad, the cells continue to function but suffer damage to chromosomes or other reproductive components and do not continue to subdivide and reproduce normally. At very low doses in the range of 10 rad, ionizing radiation may delay cell division but will not destroy the population. One of the critical areas which must be evaluated relates to the effect of a procedure intended to selectively kill malignant cells on hematopoietic, gastro-intestinal and central nervous system functions. In the case of ionizing radiation, limitations associated with continued function of the bone marrow, small intestine, and brain, at threshold levels above 100, 500, and 2,000 rad respectively, limit the duration and intensity of ionizing radiation therapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Herein, it is discovered that high intensity magnetic fields, applied in short pulses with moderate frequencies, can be used to selectively destroy or otherwise inactivate malignant cells within tissue of a living animal. Selective inactivation of malignant cells within animal tissue subjected to a pulsed magnetic field is accomplished without noticeable deterioriation of gross characteristics of normal tissue. Substantially no heat is generated in the tissues, even in tissue which is sequentially subjected to a high number of pulses.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The FIGURE is a diagrammatic illustration of a rat being treated within an electromagnetic coil and a simplified circuit associated with the coil for generating a pulsed magnetic field within the coil.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In accordance with the present invention, animals or animal body parts are subjected to high intensity, moderate frequency magnetic field pulses to selectively kill or inactivate malignant cells within the tissues. The whole or portions of an animal body (the term “animal” is used herein to include humans, although initial experiments have been carried out on lower animals) can be subjected to the pulsed magnetic field. This process is carried out wlth a minimum effect on normal cells and without altering the gross characteristics of the subjected normal tissues.

It is found that subjecting body parts containing cancerous tissue to a plurality of magnetic field pulses, with characteristic frequencies above about 5 kHz and intensities above about 1 Tesla, will either arrest the growth of tumors or progressively reduce the number of cancerous cells, resulting in remission of tumors. Tissue treated with pulsed magnetic fields according to the present invention are not significantly heated, and thus there is no thermal discomfort to the subject and no burning of tissue whatsoever. Unlike X-ray or other ionizing radiation techniques, inactivation of cells is not achieved by an ionization mechanism, and there is no apparent alteration of the gross and functional characteristics of normal tissue.

Illustrated diagrammatically in the FIGURE is an electromagnetic coil 10 and associated circuitry which produce magnetic pulses of moderate frequency and high intensity. Apparatus of the general type illustrated is currently used for metal forming. An example of suitable apparatus is that sold urder the trademark Magneform by Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. A cylindrical metallic object placed within the coil and exposed to intense magnetic pulses, represented by flux lines 12, is subjected to strong radial stresses which radially deform the object. The surprising discovery was made that by placing rats 13, which are inflicted with induced cancer tumors, within the magnetic coil and subjecting the rats to high intensity pulsed fields at moderate frequencies, arrest of tumor growth and/or pronounced remission of the tumors resulted.

The magnetic field in the coil is produced upon discharge of a bank of capacitors 14. The capacitor bank is charged from a source 16, and when a switch 18 is closed, completing the circuit that includes the capacitor bank and the coil, an oscillating or unipolar current can be generated between the plates of the capacitors. The oscillating current, in turn, generates a pulsed magnetic field which is concentrated within the region 20 bounded by the coil. The characteristic frequency of the pulsed field is determined by the capacitance of the capacitors and the resistance and inductance of the circuit, which are primarily determined by a resistor 22 and the inductance of the coil 10. Immediately subsequent to closing the switch, an intense magnetic field is produced by current flowing in one direction. As the current changes direction, the magnetic field changes polarity. In one particular circuit, the oscillating current, and hence, the oscillating magnetic field, rapidly decreases after about ten oscillations, dropping to a few percent of the original magnetic field strength. Herein, magnetic field intensities refer to the intensities of the initial peaks.

The effect of the pulsed magnetic field on animal tissue is far different than the effect of the pulsed magnetic field on metallic objects. Biological materials have very substantially reduced electrical conductivity (or very substantially increased electrical resistivity) relative to metals and are not similarly deformed. Furthermore, the high electrical resistivity (generally above 25 ohms-cm and almost invariably above 10 ohms-cm) of biological materials assures that the interior regions of the material are not excessively shielded from the coil-generated magnatic field by induced eddy currents.

The method is applicable to practically any type of tissue and is believed applicable for treatment of most types of malignancies.

The intensity of the magnetic field that is used may be as low as about 1 Tesla and about as high as about 100 Tesla, and preferably the field intensity is between about 1 and about 50 Tesla. The actual intensity of the magnetic field used depends on the type of tumor being treated and the location of the tumor within the body.

Tumor destruction is most effective when pulsed fields are used having characteristic frequencies in the range of from about 5 to about 1000 kHz. This frequency range is described herein as a moderate frequency range. In comparison, microwave frequencies are several orders of magnitude higher, i.e., in the megaherzt/gigahertz range. Frequencies above 1000 kHz tend to heat tissue.

Total typical exposure time of a living animal to the magnetic field is minimal, ranging from about 100 microseconds up to about 1 second in each therapy session. With reference to the above-described apparatus, exposure time can be considered the number of pulses multiplied by the duration of each pulse. Herein, pulse duration is considered to be the period extending from initiation to the poirt that the substantially decayed field has a negligible effect. In each session, an animal is exposed to at least 1 and up to 1000 magnetic pulses. Generally a living animal would be subjected to at least ten puses at each. therapy session and up to one hundred pulses. An animal will be subjected to additional sessions until tumor remission is achieved.

At the frequencies and intensities of the pulses, heating of body tissues is of minimal significance, and a practically unlimited number of pulses can be administered without detectable heating of body tissues.

The reason that tumor cells are killed or rendered reproductively inactive has not yet been determined, and applicants are not bound by any particular theory. However, it is suggested that in the case of a pulsed magnetic field energy might be coupled into magneto-active parts of critical large molecules. Within the intensity range of 1-50 Tesla, the amount of energy per pulse coupled to one dipole is 10@-4 to 10@-2 eV. With several pulses and a collective assembly of dipoles, enough local actlvation may result in destruction of a covalent bond, which typically has an energy in the vicinity of about 1 eV.

Breakage of certain bonds in critical large molecules, particularly in the genetic material, is likely to either kill the cell or renier the cell incapable of reproducing itself. Mallgnant cells are more susceptible to destruction and/or inactivation by a pulsed intense electromagnetic field because the field may create eddy currents that are unique to the tumor. These localized eddy currents may cause effects that are deleterious to the viability and/or reproductive capability of the tumor cells. Alternatively, there may be macromolecules unique to malignant cells which are especially magnetically susceptible. However, the invention is not considered to be limited to any particular theory of why the method of treatment is effective. Another possible alternative is that the pulsed magnetic field interferes with the transfer of free radicals or electrons through a chain of macromolecules that are unique to malignant cells.

If the reproducing tumor cells can be reduced below a threshold population, normal anti-tumor mechanisms in the body may be sufficient to counter a residual population of clonogenic tumor cells. After the tumor is eliminated, natural regenerative processes may be relied on to repair or mitigate any damage to normal tissue.

It is understood that the extent of treatment is a trade-off between some damage to normal tissue versus the benefits derived from tumor abatement or elimination. However, experimental results to date (see Example 2 below) indicate that the method of the invention is far less damaging to normal tissue than is ionizing radiation. The relatively little damage to normal tissue as compared to that induced by treatment with ionizing radiation decreases the time required for repair or regeneration of normal tissues.

Furthermore, treatment with a pulsed magnetic field does far less damage to the natural immune system than does radiation treatment or chemotherapy. Frequently, a patient who is treated extensively with ionizing radiation and/or with chemotherapy will experience an almost complete breakdown of the immune system. Subsequent to treatment, the immune system may take up to a year to recover, particularly with respect to immunity to viral infections. As a result, even if a patient is cured of the malignancy by radiation and/or chemotherapy, he is subject to debilitating disease or even death by infections to which his body would ordinarily have built up immunity. with the magnetic treatment described herein, there has been no evidence of major immune system break-down.

A secondary advantage of the procedure of the present invention relative to radiation procedures is that it poses no hazard to the technician performing the process. The high intensity magnetic field exists only within the coil and immediately therearound. Within a very short distance from the coil, the magnetic field drops off dramatically. For example, whereas the field generated by a coil may have an intersity of 5 Tesla in the interior of the coil, within abort 2 meters exterior to the coil, the intensity drops off to below 10@-4 Tesla, a value comparable to the magretic field of the earth. Thus, providing that the teclnician is positioned a reasonable distance from the activated coil, there is substantially no likelihood of cells in the tissues of the technician being affected in a manner similar to the cells of the animal within the coil, and the process may be operated without any special shielding. Of course, the approximate distances increase in proportion to coil dimensions. One exception to this is that, as is the case with microwave apparatus, it should not be operated in the presence of persons wearing certain electrical or electronic prosthetic devices, such as pacemakers.

The invention will now be described in greater detail by way of specific examples.

EXAMPLE 1

In this experiment, the destructive effects of a high intensity, moderate frequency, pulsed magnetic field were compared for different types of cells grown in vitro, including both normal cells and malignant cells.

The effect of the pulsed magnetic field was examined on five types of cell lines: normal monkey kidney, normal mouse fibroblast, normal epithelial, undifferentiated carcinoma, and embryonal carcinoma. Cells were grown in confluent monolayers on Petri dishes and were treated briefly with trypsin. Supernatant liquid containing free-floating cells was removed, and test tubes containing aliquots of the free-floating cells were held at room temperature for the duration of the experiment. Tubes of cells were placed into the 4-inch coil of a conventional Magneform machine (Maxwell Laboratories) and given 8 pulses with the machine set to deliver approximately 10 kilojoules of energy at an intensity of 5 Tesla and a frequency of 8 kHz. As a control, tubes of cells were handled similarly but were not exposed to the magnetic field. Trypan blue was added to the test tubes to a final concentration of 0.2%. Aliquots of the cells were counted utilizing a hemocytometer and a light microscope; the total number of cells present per ml and the percentage staining with trypan blue, representing the percentage of killed cells, were calculated. Cells were ennumerated approximately 2 and 18 hours after treatment.

A summary of the results is presented in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1

__________________________________________________________________________

EFFECTS OF BRIEF EXPOSURE TO A RAPIDLY VARYING

MAGNETIC FIELD ON VARIOUS TYPES OF CELLS IN VITRO

PERCENT OF CELLS STAINED

CELLS COUNTS PER ML

WITH TRYPAN BLUE

Cells Counted

Nonexposed Cells

Exposed Cells

Cells Counted

18 hours

Observed After

Observed After

CELL TYPE

Before Exposure

After Exposure

18 Hours 2 h. 18 h.

__________________________________________________________________________

Normal epithelial

40 .times. 10@4

31 .times. 10@4

10% 8% 14%

cells

Normal mouse

5 .times. 10@4

7 .times. 10@4

11% 7% 2%

fibroblasts

Normal monkey

123 .times. 10@4

115 .times. 10@4

1% 2% 17%

fibroblasts

Undifferentiated

30 .times. 10@4

35 .times. 10@4

1% 3% 32%

carcinoma

Embryonal

270 .times. 10@4

330 .times. 10@4

8% 15% 29%

carcinoma

__________________________________________________________________________

As can be seen from Table 1, the number of dead cells eighteen hours after exposure was significantly higher in the two malignant cell lines, e.g., by a factor of about two or more compared to normal cells.

EXAMPLE 2

In this experiment, albino rats with induced or transplanted tumors were subjected to high intensity, moderate frequency pulsed fields, and the effect of this field on the tumors was examined.

The following five groups of female albino rats were prepared: (1) 6 Sprague-Dawley rats bearing no tumors, (2) 7 Sprague-Dawley rats given a single oral feeding of dimethyl-benzanthracene (DMBA) approximately 1 month previously, inducing primary mammary carcinomas in each, (3) 6 Buffalo rats given 3 successive intravenous doses of N-nitrosomethyl urea (NMU) approximately 3 weeks previously, inducing primary mammary carcinomas in each, (4) 6 Buffalo rats, each with an NMU-induced mammary carcinoma transplanted to the popliteal region, (5) 6 Fisher rats, each with a mammary carcinoma of the 13762E/F344 line, transplanted to the popliteal region. If left untreated, all of the types of tumors would generally grow to a size of 20-30 cm@3, at which time the tumors would ulcerate. Rats having ulcerated tumors would generally die of secondary causes, such as infection, and in laboratories, rats are generally sacrificed at time of tumor ulceration for humane reasons. The mammary carcinomas in rats bearing primary tumors (groups 2 and 3) were measured in size (length and width measurements with a pair of calipers) for a period of 8 days prior to the start of the experiment. Tumors in rats bearing transplanted tumors were measured for a period of 3 days prior to the experiment. All groups of rats were given food and water ad libitum during the period of examination.

The rats were exposed once daily to a series of intense magnetic field pulses of brief duration. Two instruments were used, a conventional Magneform machine with a 4-inch diameter coil capable cf storing 8 kilojoules of energy, and a high frequency Magneform machine with a 1-inch diameter coil capable of storing 9.6 kilojoules of energy. With the conventional Magneform machine, the entire rat was placed inside the coil volume and subjected to a series of twenty 5 Tesla, 8 KHz pulses. With the high frequenry Magneform machine, tumor-bearing areas were either placed inside the coil, or apposed as closely as pcssible to the top of the coil, and were subjected to five 18 Tesla (at the center of the coil), 250 kHz pulses. For the first 3 days of the experimental period, each rat was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (given by intraperitoneal injection) prior to exposure to the magnetic field. After this time, unanesthetized rats to be irradiated in the conventional Magneform machine were placed in a cloth enclosure which fit inside the coil volume. Rats to be irradiated in the high frequency Magneform machine were anesthetized. During the experimental period, each tumor was measured with calipers daily prior to exposure to the magnetic field.

The high frequency Magneform machine was employed for 1 rat in group 1, 2 rats in group 2, 2 rats in group 3, 2 rats in group 4, and 2 rats in group 5; all the other rats were treated with the conventional Magneform machine. In group 4, two rats died of an apparent overdose of anesthesia (respiratory arrest) prior to exposure for the third time.

At the conclusion of the treatment of 6 days, the rats were observed for an additicnal period of time, generally about 16 days, during which tumor sizes were measured daily or every other day until the animals were sacrificed.

All of the rats of the control group 1 remained healthy throughout the experiment, exhibiting no adverse reaction to exposure to the magnetic field.

A summary of tumor data of rat groups 2-5 is presented in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2

__________________________________________________________________________

EVALUATION OF THE GROWTH OF RAT MAMARY TUMORS FOLLOWING

MULTIPLE EXPOSURES TO A RAPIDLY VARYING MAGNETIC FIELD

FIELD PARTIAL OR COMPLETE RESPONSE

STRENGTH/

TOTAL Total Tumors

TUMOR FREQUENCY

NO. OF

Interruption Responding

TYPE Tesla/KHz

TUMORS*

of Growth

Shrinkage

No. %

__________________________________________________________________________

DMBA 5/8 8 2 6 8 100%

Primary

15/250 3 1 2 3 100%

Total 11 3 8 11 100%

NMU 5/8 10 1 9 10 100%

Primary

15/250 5 1 3 4 80%

Total 15 2 12 14 93%

NMU 5/8 2 0 0 0 0%

Trans- 15/250 2 1 0 1 50%

planted

Total 4 1 0 1 25%

13762E/F344

5/8 4 1 3 4 100%

Trans- 15/250 2 1 1 2 100%

planted

Total 6 2 4 6 100%

__________________________________________________________________________

*Includes multiple tumors of rats having primary induced tumors.

It can be seen from the above table that the method of the present invention is useful for treating a variety of malignacies, although the response varies according to the type of tumor. Accordingly, the method has general applicability to malignancy treatment.

EXAMPLE 3

Twelve rats having primary DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas were treated daily with a conventional Magneform machine. Primary mammary gland carcinoma induced by a carcinogen, such as DMBA or NMU, is highly virulent, as outlined in substantial detail in P. M. Guillino, et al., Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 54, no. 2, February 1974. It is common for such a tumor in a rat to increase in size by about 10-30 fold in about 30 days, and if left untreated almost invariably will ulcerate within about 45 days.

Ten of the rats are treated daily with 20 pulses at 5 Tesla and 8 KHz. Their tumor volumes on the lst and 30th days are listed in table 3 below:

TABLE 3

______________________________________

Tumor Volume (cm@3) Day 1

Tumor Volume (cm@3) Day 30

______________________________________

1. 1.6 1.95

2. 1.2 3.65

3. 2.1 1.2

4. 1.4 3.81

5. 0.9 0.42

6. 3.01 3.81

7. 0.38 0.45

8. 2.1 8.18

9. 6.79 8.88

10. 1.1 0.85

_____________________________________

It can be seen from the above table that after thirty days the tumors were either diminished in size, stabilized, or at least controlled relative to untreated tumors. Furthermore, all of the rats were alive after 60 days, some with stabilized or reduced tumors, although one rat was clearly terminal at 60 days.

The remaining two rats were treated in an identical manner but at 1/4th the field intensity, i.e., 1.2 Tesla, 8KHz, 20 pulses. One of these died on day 58 while the tumor size of the other had decreased in size from 1.6 cm@3 on day 1 to 1.4 cm@3 on day 62.

The rats generally appeared to exhibit normal behavior and appetite and did not appear to lose weight. The fact that the rats did not die of infections suggested that the immune systems functioned normally.

Although the invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, modifications obvious to one with ordinary skill in the art may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Although malignant cell inactivation is effected in the absence of more conventional selective tumor cell destruction procedures, such as irradiation therapy or chemotherapy, it is understood that the magnetic therapy practiced in accordance with the present invention may be used in conjunction with other therapeutic procedures.

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• Do it Yourself Device Eliminates Pathogens, May Serve as an Alternative Cancer Therapy (intellihub.com)
• Do it Yourself Device Eliminates Pathogens, May Serve as an Alternative Cancer Therapy (naturalsociety.com)
• Ozone levels unhealthy today (mysanantonio.com)
• Larimer County Dept. of Health: Voluntary steps to reduce summer ozone pollution (northfortynews.com)

University of Alberta

Killing prions with ozone

By
Richard Cairney and Kate Toogood

February 14, 2012

(L-R) Mohamed Gamal El-Din, Ning Ding, Mike Belosevic and Norman Neumann

(Edmonton) When it comes to infectious agents, it doesn’t get much worse than prions. These misfolded proteins are highly resistant to a wide variety of extreme disinfectant procedures. They have been identified as the culprits behind mad cow disease and chronic wasting disease in animals and humans, and are also implicated in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other prion-related disorders.

But an interdisciplinary University of Alberta research team has come a step closer to finding a way of inactivating these highly infectious proteins.

The team, lead by environmental health professors Mike Belosevic and Norm Neumann from the School of Public Health and engineering professor Mohamed Gamal El-Din from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, have demonstrated for the first time that prions are highly susceptible to molecular ozone.

The discovery could have implications for decontaminating medical and dental surgical instruments or treating water and wastewater in settings where prions might appear, such as in slaughterhouse waste.

“Although we know that they have a very high-level resistance, it’s possible that we’ve discovered their Achilles’ heel,” said Neumann. “This means there might be simple solutions to dealing with contaminated medical instruments and waste products from slaughterhouses.”

Human transmission of these devastating infectious agents through patient exposure to surgical equipment and blood transfusions has been documented. If these proteins can be neutralized, the result will be improved patient care.

“Because ozone is already commonly used in the hospital environment, the technology for this disinfection process already exists,” says Neumann. “It is possible to take a medical instrument, put it in an ozone bath and very quickly destroy 99.99% of the prions that are there.”

However, there is still much work to do. “The only proof of final inactivation is to actually infect animals, and it may take years for the animal to start demonstrating the behavioural changes associated with these diseases caused by prions,” says Neumann. “We need more research in this area to increase our understanding of the relationship between ozone and all types of prions, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE, and that’s what we’re working on now.”

The interdisciplinary nature of the research proved to be crucial to the success. “Nobody has really taken the biological diagnostics and methods and then applied them in the engineering context, and that’s what we did here,” Neumann said.

The importance of the interdisciplinary approach to this research is echoed by Gamal El-Din. “We have the expertise in microbiology and engineering to make a difference. The ultimate goal is to protect the health of people as well as the environment.”

The research was funded in part by the Alberta Prion Research Institute, PrioNet Canada and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and published in the February issue of the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

Links:

Mike’s page:

http://www.publichealth.ualberta.ca/research/researchers_supersivors/faculty/belosevic.aspx

Norm’s page:

http://www.publichealth.ualberta.ca/research/researchers_supersivors/faculty/neumann.aspx

Gamal El-Din’s page:

http://www.civil.engineering.ualberta.ca/Research/ResearchAreas/Environmental/MohamedGamalElDin.aspx

Journal page:

http://aem.asm.org/content/78/3/613.abstract?sid=f6e5d382-1b83-4472-834e-e557b232ed57

Related articles

• Chronic wasting disease epidemic spreads in Wisconsin deer (thewildlifenews.com)
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• Selfish Patterns and the Depth of Disease (thoughtinfection.com)
• Did human remains cause mad cow disease? (rajivramnani89.wordpress.com)
• Mad cow infected blood could ‘kill 1000′ in UK (nzherald.co.nz)

http://www.near-death.com/experiences/reincarnation04.html

http://www.near-death.com/experiences/experts05.html

http://www.near-death.com/experiences/experts04.html

Mellen-Thomas Benedict is an artist who survived a near-death experience in 1982. He was dead for over an hour and a half after dying of cancer.

At the time of his death, he rose up out of his body and went into the light. Curious about the universe, he was taken far into the remote depths of existence, and even beyond, into the energetic void of nothingness behind the Big Bang. During his experience, he was able to learn a great deal of information concerning reincarnation. Because of his near-death experience, he was able to bring back scientific discoveries. Mr. Benedict has been closely involved in the mechanics of cellular communication and research dealing with the relationship of light to life called Quantum Biology. This research is providing dramatic new perspectives on how biological systems work. Mr. Benedict has found that living cells can respond very quickly to light stimulation resulting in, among other things, high speed healing. He is a researcher, inventor and lecturer who holds six U.S. patents.

Mr. Benedict’s NDE is reprinted here by the permission of the author’s Dr. Lee Worth Bailey and Jenny Yates. Their excellent book entitled “The Near-Death Experience: A Reader”, published by Routledge, New York, in 1996, is highly recommended by the webmaster. A portion of his near-death experience also appears in P.M.H. Atwater’s book, “Beyond the Light”.

http://www.mellen-thomas.com/index.html

Journey Through the Light and Back

After suffering from a terminal illness, in 1982 Mellen-Thomas Benedict ‘died’ and for an hour and a half he was monitored showing no vital signs. Miraculously he returned to his body with a complete remission of the disease – and what may be the most inspirational near-death experience story known to date.

While on the “other side” Mellen journeyed through several realms of consciousness and beyond the “light at the end of the tunnel”. He was shown during his NDE, in holographic detail, Earth’s past and a beautiful vision of mankind’s future for the next 400 years. He experienced the cosmology of our soul’s connection to Mother Earth (Gaia), our role in the Universe, and was gifted with access to Universal Intelligence.

Since his near-death experience, Mellen-Thomas has maintained his direct access to Universal Intelligence, and returns to the light at will, enabling him to be a bridge between science and spirit. He has been involved in research programs on life after death experiences and has developed new technologies for health and wellness. With humility, insight, and depth of feeling he shares his experience and insights.

He brings back a message of hope and inspiration for humanity about Life After Death and Reincarnation delivered with a joy and clarity that is refreshing. His depth of feeling and passion for life is a gift to be shared.

http://www.mellen-thomas.com/stories.htm

http://www.iinnlighttherapy.com

The talented research team at iinnLight Technologies, Inc. has dedicated more than ten years to the study of LED science with a focus on its health and cosmetic benefits. They found that activating the body’s healing system through the use of LEDs provides a gentler way to achieve beneficial results without the potentially harmful side effects of lasers.

iinnLight’s advanced LED technology stimulates a series of biological responses at the cellular level and releases healing enzymes, creating an increase in cellular metabolism. This is how the body “rejuvenates” itself. Because iinnLight technology uses safe and non-invasive LED light, the therapy is completely risk-free and energizes and rejuvenates with every session.

BENEDICT MELLEN-THOMAS
IINNLIGHT TECHNOLOGIES INC (US)
Classification: – international: A61B18/18; A61B18/18;- European: A61N5/06W
Also published as: WO2006028461 // WO2006028461 // CA 2589505

Abstract – Method and system for illuminating a selected body component with light to encourage selected beneficial reactions of the body component as a result of such exposure and to provide phototherapy. Light is provided using a light delivery module (41) having one or more components (45) that fit around a body component (43), or are located at a particular site on or adjacent the body, where each light delivery component can be independently controlled. The body component is exposed to light in a first wavelength range and to light within a second wavelength range,
in a first time interval and in a second time interval, respectively, that are separated by a selected dark field time interval where substantially no light exposure occurs, except for ambient lighting. The first and second wavelength ranges may be the same, may partly overlap, or may be mutually exclusive and preferably lie within the combined visible and infrared ranges.

Classification: – international: A61N5/06; A61N5/06; (IPC1-7): A61N5/06;- European: A61N5/06C6

Abstract – A system for illuminating selected body components of, or all of, a human body. A recliner apparatus is provided with a body support surface and a canopy that rotates over a portion of the body. A plurality of spaced apart light sources (near-uv, visible, near-ir) and/or spaced apart low frequency wave sources and/or spaced apart magnetic field sources is located on or adjacent to the body support surface and/or canopy to provide intermittent or continuous illumination of selected body components. The light sources provide two, three or more different wavelength ranges, in time intervals spaced apart by dark field time intervals. The recliner apparatus has a plurality of linear and curvilinear shapes and a shape adjustment mechanism that adjusts the recliner shape between sessions or during a session.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to illumination of body components using light with selected wavelength ranges and selected illumination time intervals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Phototherapy involves generation of light by suitable light sources, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the visible and infrared ranges to provide various benefits for a patient’s body. The photons produced are absorbed by the body through the skin, the eyes and acupuncture points. Connective tissues in the body conduct the light to deeper tissues and organs. By taking advantage of optical properties of biological tissues, suitable wavelengths of light can be delivered to, absorbed by and used by the body to activate metabolic functions.

[0004] Treatment of a body using light irradiation requires a choice of several important parameters, including wavelength range, relative distribution of the wavelengths within the range (spectrum), time interval for continuous exposure, time interval between two continuous exposures, time rate of energy delivered, accumulated energy density for exposures, body component(s) irradiated, and many others. Choice of the appropriate parameters for a given human or animal subject has proved elusive.

[0005] What is needed is a method and corresponding system that provides appropriate illumination for a body component and appropriate choice of the relevant parameters and that distinguishes between treatments for different medical purposes. Preferably, the method and system should provide for, and distinguish between, initial treatments and maintenance treatments for a given medical condition and should cover a large number of, if not all of, conditions that are believed to be treatable using illumination.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] These needs are met by the invention, which provides application of radiation in selected wavelength ranges to selected body components using a controlled sequence of exposures. Any two consecutive time intervals of continuous radiation exposure are spaced apart by a “dark field” time interval whose length is at least equal to a threshold value, in order to re-establish a randomization of electron transport and distribution resulting from application of photons during a continuous exposure interval. Radiation is delivered to one or more selected body components, and at selected points on a body, using an enhanced focussing system that increases the efficiency of delivery of the radiation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates apparatus for delivery of radiation to one or more selected body components according to the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a light delivery wrap that can be used to practice the invention.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a suitable pattern of light sources.

FIGS. 4A and 4B graphically illustrate time intervals for irradiation using different wavelength ranges according to two embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate suitable light intensity patterns versus time for delivery of radiation according to the invention.

FIG. 8 is a representative graphical view of an average number of free electrons produce by an incident photon with a specified energy E.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view illustrating apparatus that can be used to practice the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF BEST MODES OF THE INVENTION

[0014] FIG. 1 illustrates a system 11 suitable for generating and delivering radiation to one or more selected body components according to the invention. The system 11 includes an electrical power source 13 that delivers controllable power to a generator 15 of electromagnetic radiation in the form of light in the visible and near infrared ranges (e.g., with wavelengths [lambda] in a range 400 nm<=[lambda]<=950 nm). Optionally, the light generated by the radiation generator 15 also may have wavelengths in a near-ultraviolet range (e.g., 350 nm<=[lambda]<=400 nm) and may have longer wavelengths in a mid-infrared range (e.g., 950 nm<=[lambda]<=1500 nm), or in selected portions of one or more of these wavelength ranges. The radiation generator 15 may be a laser, a light emitting diode, an intense incandescent light source, an intense fluorescent light source or any other suitable intense light source, or a combination of two or more such light sources. If the generator 15 provides light in one or more unwanted wavelength ranges, one or more filters 17 (optional) may be positioned between the radiation generator 15 and the selected body component(s) 19 to be treated. The radiation generator 15 may produce a single or a few beams of light that are directed toward the body component 19, considered as a target. Preferably, the radiation generator 15 produces many light beams that are directed toward the body component 19. The system optionally includes a light focussing mechanism 21 that preferentially directs light produced by the radiation generator 15 toward one or more target sites 19-tj (j=1, 2, . . . ) On the body component. In some situations, the light beams are produced in a pattern surrounding a selected body part, such as an arm or a leg, so that the selected body part and adjacent body parts are irradiated together in a (diffuse) field effect.

[0015] The radiation generator 15 includes a timer 23 that activates and deactivates (turns on and turns off) the radiation generator during selected exposure time intervals, with any two consecutive continuous exposure time intervals having a first selected length [Delta]t(exp), separated by a dark field time interval having a second selected length [Delta]t(dark). This activity (light/dark/light) and its inverse (dark/light/dark) are sometimes referred to as a “reciprocating chase.” The first selected length lies in a preferred range 0.1 sec <[Delta]t(exp)<1 sec, and the second selected length [Delta]t(dark) is preferably between 0.1 sec and 1 sec.

[0016] A light reflecting mechanism 25 (optional) is positioned adjacent to the radiation generator 15 to capture and direct light toward the selected body component 19 to couple some or all of the generated light that would otherwise have been lost into that body component. A light concentrator, condenser or other light focussing mechanism 21 (optional) is positioned between the radiation generator 15 and the body component 19, to selectably concentrate (or to scatter within the body) the generated light on and around the body component 19 or selected sites on the selected body component.

[0017] In one mode of operation, a flexible light delivery wrap 31, illustrated in FIG. 2, is connected to the radiation generator 15 in FIG. 1 and is wrapped around (a portion of) an arm, a leg, a torso, a neck, a head or other body appendage of the patient. The light delivery wrap 31 includes a rectangular, triangular, polygonal, ovular or other array 33 of light delivery elements 35(i,j) (i=1, 2, . . . , J1;j=1, 2, . . . , J2; J1>1; J2>1) that are individually activated in a timed sequence that may be the same, or different, for each light delivery element. In a first version, where the array 33 is rectangular or triangular, each row of light delivery elements 35(i,j) (i=1, 2, . . . , J1; j fixed) is activated and is deactivated as a unit. In a second version, where the array is rectangular or triangular, the light delivery elements 35(i,j) (i=1, 3, 5, . . . ; j fixed) and 35(i,j) (i=2, 4, 6, . . . ; j fixed) are activated and are deactivated as separate units. Other patterns for light delivery activation and deactivation can also be used, depending upon the effect desired.

[0018] FIG. 3 illustrates a suitable light delivery pattern, in which selected light sources (e.g., light emitting diodes) deliver light in three distinct wavelength ranges (1) a moderately broad band, centered around [lambda]=550 nm; (2) a moderately broad band, centered around [lambda]=637 nm; and (3) a narrow band, centered around [lambda]=890 nm, respectively.

[0019] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the light sources (1), (2) and (3) provide light in different time intervals, with or without a dark field time interval imposed between two consecutive irradiation time intervals. FIG. 4A is a graphical view of time intervals during which the first, second and third light sources (1), (2) and (3) are activated in a nonoverlapping manner. FIG. 4B is a graphical view of a second version, in which the light sources (1), (2) and (3) are activated in selected overlapping time intervals. More generally, N sets of independently activatable light sources (N=3 in FIG. 3) are provided, and N wavelength ranges are chosen within the visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths.

[0020] Each light delivery element 35(i,j) may deliver light in one or more selected wavelength ranges, when this element is activated, and adjacent light delivery elements may deliver the same, or different, wavelength ranges. In a preferred embodiment, each light delivery element delivers one or more fixed ranges of light wavelengths, such as the ranges 400<=[lambda]<=550 nm and/or 600 nm<=[lambda]<=760 nm and/or 800 nm<=[lambda]<=1500 nm.

[0021] FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 illustrate representative light intensity patterns of light activation (exposure interval) and deactivation (dark field interval) that can be used for the individual light elements 35(i,j) in FIG. 2. In FIG. 5, the light intensity I(t;i;j) is (substantially) 0, then rises quickly to a maximum value I(max), then decreases monotonically to a lower value I(min) over an exposure time interval of length [Delta]t(exp), then goes to 0 for a dark field time interval of length [Delta]t(dark), then repeats this pattern at least once. In FIG. 6, the light intensity I(t;i;j) is (substantially) 0, then rises quickly to a minimum value I(min), then increases monotonically to a greater value I(max) over an exposure time interval of length [Delta]t(exp), then goes to 0 for a dark field time interval of length [Delta]t(dark), then repeats this pattern at least once. In FIG. 7, the light intensity I(t;i;j) rises to a first maximum value I(max;1), optionally continues at that level for a first selected time interval, falls to a first lower value I(min;1), goes to 0 for a dark field time interval of length [Delta]t(dark), rises to a second maximum value I(max;2), optionally continues at that level for a second selected time interval, falls to a second lower value I(min;2), then goes to 0. The maximum intensities I(max;1) and I(max;2) may be the same or may differ, the minimum intensities I(min;1) and I(min;2) may be the same or may differ, and one or both of the minimum intensities I(min;1) and I(min;2) may be 0. Light intensity patterns other than the patterns shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 can also be used here.

[0022] Each photon delivered to the vicinity of the body component 19 (FIG. 1) is intended to produce one or more (preferably many) free electrons through photoelectric absorption and/or Compton scattering of the photon in its peregrinations through the body component and surrounding material. We have found, by analogy with the Einstein photoelectric effect in a metallic or crystalline material, that the photon energy E must be at least a threshold value E(thr), which lies in a range of about 1.3-3.1 eV, depending upon the atomic and/or molecular constituents of the selected body component and surrounding material, in order to produce at least one free electron as the photon undergoes scattering within the body. A photon with a wavelength [lambda]=500 nm has an associated energy of 2.48 eV, for example, and the wavelength range 400 nm<=[lambda]<=950 nm corresponds to an energy range 1.31 eV<=E<=3.10 eV. Not all photons with energies E just above the threshold value E(thr) will produce a free electron. A graph of average number Navg(E) of free electrons produced for a given incident photon energy E might resemble the graph in FIG. 8. This graph is similar to a graph of average number of free electrons produced by a photon incident on a metallic or crystalline material according to the Einstein model.

[0023] Another important parameter is the rate r at which energy (or photons) is delivered to a unit area (e.g., over 1 cm<2>) of body surface per unit time (e.g., in 1 sec), during an exposure time interval. Our experiments indicate that energy density rates r in a range 0.0013 Joules/cm<2>/sec<=r<=0.02 Joules/cm<2>/sec, averaged over a time interval of 5-45 min, is an appropriate range for many body components for green light ([lambda] 550 nm), red light ([lambda] 637 nm), white light and/or infrared light ([lambda] 890 nm). Delivery of energy at a rate lower than about 0.0013 Joules/cm<2>/sec will have some effect but will require much longer radiation application times than a typical application time of 5-45 min. Delivery of energy at a rate greater than about 0.02 Joules/cm<2>/sec may saturate the body’s ability to distribute the photon energy and may produce bums, ionization or other undesired local sensitization of the body. The peak light intensity I(t;i;j), shown in the examples of FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, will determine, or will be determined by, the energy rate r.

[0024] Another important parameter is accumulated energy E(accum) delivered per unit area for the session in which radiation is applied. Our experiments indicate that an accumulated energy density range of 2.5 Joules/cm<2><=E(accum)<=20 Joules/cm<2 >is an appropriate range for many body components. Delivery of accumulated energy density greater than 20 Joules/cm<2 >may produce burns, ionization or other undesired local sensitization of the body.

[0025] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates apparatus 90 that can be used to practice the invention. A control panel 91 controls the exposure time intervals, the dark field time intervals, the maximum intensity(ies), the particular intensity pattern(s) to be applied, the wavelength or frequency range(s) to be applied, target body component(s) and/or other relevant parameters, through control panel output signals delivered to a driver module 93. The driver module receives timing signals from a timer module 94 and receives electrical power (preferably regulated power) from one or more voltage sources, 95A and/or 95B, that deliver voltage(s), V1 and/or V2, or electrical current. At least one of the control panel 91 and the driver module 93 includes a computer to process information and/or commands needed to provide appropriate light wavelengths in the appropriate time intervals according to the invention. The driver module 93 delivers power to one or more of a left hand/arm exposure pad 97-1, a left foot/leg exposure pad 99-1, a right hand/arm exposure pad 97-2, a right foot/leg exposure pad 99-2 a neck/shoulder(s)/back exposure pad 101, and/or a light exposure canopy 103 covering part or all of a patient’s body, each of which has an optional associated cumulative exposure monitor and/or exposure rate monitor connected to the corresponding exposure pad or exposure canopy. Optionally, one or more of these exposure pads may have its own electrical power supply, received directly from the driver module 93. The exposure pads are individually controlled and can deliver different (or the same) exposure patterns and different (or the same) wavelength ranges to target body components associated with the different exposure pads, in the same time intervals or in different time intervals. In some situations, it is appropriate to provide at least two voltages sources, such as V1=5 volts and V2=12 volts.

[0026] We have found that insertion of a dark field time interval between two consecutive continuous exposure time intervals is useful in allowing the irradiated portion of the body to re-establish local equilibrium before the next pulse of photons arrives. The time interval required for re-establishing local equilibrium appears to vary from 0.1 sec to about 1 sec, depending upon variables such as the energy rate r, the accumulated energy E(accum) and the selected body component(s) irradiated. If the dark field time interval has a length less than [Delta]t(dark) (including a situation where no dark field interval is present), the additional photons delivered may encounter a body environment that is not at or near equilibrium and that “channels” these photons in particular directions or into particular reaction channels, which is generally undesirable. Where two consecutive exposure time intervals are separated by a dark field time interval of length at least [Delta]t(dark), the irradiated portion of the body is able to re-establish local equilibrium, or near-equilibrium, so that most or all photons within a given exposure time interval encounter substantially the same local environment, and a random or Monte Carlo type of photon scattering occurs within the next exposure time interval.

[0027] The free electrons thus produced ultimately come to equilibrium with the body component and adjacent material within the body, by attachment to a atom or molecule that can support attachment by another electron or by association with a assembly of substantially-free electrons that are weakly bound by the general electronic background of the local atomic and molecular constituents of the body. These equilibrated electrons have transferred substantially all their initial kinetic energy to one or more molecules in or adjacent to the body component, thus providing energy to promote certain healing processes in the body.

[0028] Phototherapy is the application of light from an artificial light source to stimulate or promote one or more therapeutic effects in the body of a human being or other animal. Photons from the, light source are absorbed by the body through the skin, through the eyes and through acupuncture points. Light absorbed through one or more acupuncture points is believed to be transported especially efficiently along channels, referred to as biologically closed electrical paths or “meridians”, in the body, through a process similar to internal reflection of light in an optical fiber (whose refractive index is greater than the refractive index of the surrounding body material through which such a channel passes. These channels are believed to be connective tissue protein fibers having specialized optical properties, including refractive indices [eta] that are greater than the refractive indices [eta]‘ of surrounding tissues, organs and other body material (wherein [eta]‘(avg) 1.4).

[0029] Only light in certain wavelength ranges will be transported efficiently through these channels. Absorption of light transported in one or more of these channels has the potential to increase cell metabolism from a depressed state to a normal level. Light in the 600-800 nm wavelength range appears to be transported with little absorption or scattering within these channels. Sergei Pankratov, of the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine in Novosibirsk, Russia, has reported that marked light transporting properties of some of these channels, which easily transport light into tissues deeper within the body, “Meridians Conduct Light”, Raum und Zeit, vol. 35(88) (1991) pp. 16-18. A terminus on the skin of such a channel often coincide, with an acupuncture point identified by Chinese physicians several millenia ago. In addition to its optical properties, a light transport channel has associated thermal properties, such as heat conductivity and heat capacity.

[0030] Phototherapy activates cell membranes within the body by increasing a membrane’s natural electrical charge, sometimes referred to as “membrane capacitance.” A body’s natural electromagnetic field (“biofield”) aids in organizing molecular structures in repair, regeneration and reproduction of cells and cell components and serves as a signal communication system in regulation of metabolic processes. The biofield may also serve as a power grid to provide electrical and/or chemical energy to drive and control biochemical and biphysical enzyme reactions that are part of a metabolic process. One such process is: (1) receipt and conversion of light in a channel; (2) activation of cell enzymes; and (3) enhanced production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the activated enzymes, as the primary energy source for a body.

[0031] One researcher, Tiina Karu has determined that light absorption by cellular structures enhances a number of cell-related activities: cell replication, cell metabolism, protein synthesis, ATP production, mitochondria replication, phagocytosis, and photodissociation of oxygenated hemoglobin (The Science of Low-Power Laser Therapy, Gordon and Breach, 1998, “Photobiology of Low Power Laser Effects”, Health Physics, vol. 56, May 1989). Karu has also found that absorption of light affects tissue-related activities, including: capillary formation, parasympathetic nervous system stimulation, increased endorphin release, increased production and release of adrenal steroids, reduction in pain and in inflammation, reduction of tissue edema, immune system stimulation, enhanced fibroblastic production and collagen synthesis, and accelerated healing of wounds.

http://www.vortexhydroenergy.com/

Vortex Hydro Energy

2512 Carpenter Road Suite #101-C
Ann Arbor
MI 48108
Phone: (734) 223-4223
Fax: (734) 944-4072

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VIVACE (Vortex Induced Vibrations for Aquatic Clean Energy)

 

 

 

 

 

 

A novel approach to extract energy from flowing water currents. It is unlike any other ocean energy or low-head hydropower concept. VIVACE is based on the extensively studied phenomenon of Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV), which was first observed 500 years ago by Leonardo DaVinci in the form of “Aeolian Tones.” For decades, engineers have been trying to prevent VIV from damaging offshore equipment and structures. By maximizing and exploiting VIV rather than spoiling and preventing it, VIVACE takes this ‘problem’ and transforms it into a valuable resource for mankind.

Vortex Induced Vibrations (VIV) result from vortices forming and shedding on the downstream side of a bluff body in a current. Vortex shedding alternates from one side to the other, thereby creating a vibration or oscillation. The VIV phenomenon is non-linear, which means it can produce useful energy at high efficiency over a wide range of current speeds.

VIVACE devices have many potential advantages, which improve installation survivability in the hostile underwater environment and enable low-cost power production by decreasing capital cost and minimizing maintenance.

High energy density - permits low cost energy to be produced from relatively small installations – requiring up to 50 times less ocean acreage than wave power concepts.

Simple and rugged moving parts - allows for robust designs that can operate for long periods in the underwater environment with minimal maintenance.

Low dependence on ocean/river conditions - application of non-linear resonance permits useful energy to be extracted over a wide range of current speeds.

VIVACE and other renewable energy technologies also face regulatory hurdles. Again, VIVACE is advantaged by salient benefits over other technologies.

Non-obtrusiveness - installations can be positioned beneath the surface, thereby avoiding interference with other uses, such as fishing, shipping and tourism.

Compatibility with marine life - VIVACE utilizes vortex formation and shedding, which is the same mechanism fish use to propel themselves through the water.

Prototype, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Office Naval Research, is currently operating in the Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory at the University of Michigan. This device has met and often exceeded expectations; thereby, providing strong evidence to proceed to the next scale, a multi-kilowatt field demonstration.

Video :– http://www.ns.umich.edu/podcast/video.php?id=499

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http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6842

‘Fish Technology’ Draws Renewable Energy from Slow Water Currents

Michael Bernitsas, professor in the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, stands before a prototype of his VIVACE hydrokinetic energy device.
Credit: Scott Galvin

Slow-moving ocean and river currents could be a new, reliable and affordable alternative energy source. A University of Michigan engineer has made a machine that works like a fish to turn potentially destructive vibrations in fluid flows into clean, renewable power.The machine is called VIVACE. A paper on it is published in the current issue of the quarterly Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering.

VIVACE is the first known device that could harness energy from most of the water currents around the globe because it works in flows moving slower than 2 knots (about 2 miles per hour.) Most of the Earth’s currents are slower than 3 knots. Turbines and water mills need an average of 5 or 6 knots to operate efficiently.

VIVACE stands for Vortex Induced Vibrations for Aquatic Clean Energy. It doesn’t depend on waves, tides, turbines or dams. It’s a unique hydrokinetic energy system that relies on “vortex induced vibrations.”

Vortex induced vibrations are undulations that a rounded or cylinder-shaped object makes in a flow of fluid, which can be air or water. The presence of the object puts kinks in the current’s speed as it skims by. This causes eddies, or vortices, to form in a pattern on opposite sides of the object. The vortices push and pull the object up and down or left and right, perpendicular to the current.

These vibrations in wind toppled the Tacoma Narrows bridge in Washington in 1940 and the Ferrybridge power station cooling towers in England in 1965. In water, the vibrations regularly damage docks, oil rigs and coastal buildings.

“For the past 25 years, engineers—myself included—have been trying to suppress vortex induced vibrations. But now at Michigan we’re doing the opposite. We enhance the vibrations and harness this powerful and destructive force in nature,” said VIVACE developer Michael Bernitsas, a professor in the U-M Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.

Fish have long known how to put the vortices that cause these vibrations to good use.

“VIVACE copies aspects of fish technology,” Bernitsas said. “Fish curve their bodies to glide between the vortices shed by the bodies of the fish in front of them. Their muscle power alone could not propel them through the water at the speed they go, so they ride in each other’s wake.”

This generation of Bernitsas’ machine looks nothing like a fish, though he says future versions will have the equivalent of a tail and surface roughness a kin to scales. The working prototype in his lab is just one sleek cylinder attached to springs. The cylinder hangs horizontally across the flow of water in a tractor-trailer-sized tank in his marine renewable energy laboratory. The water in the tank flows at 1.5 knots.

Here’s how VIVACE works: The very presence of the cylinder in the current causes alternating vortices to form above and below the cylinder. The vortices push and pull the passive cylinder up and down on its springs, creating mechanical energy. Then, the machine converts the mechanical energy into electricity.

Just a few cylinders might be enough to power an anchored ship, or a lighthouse, Bernitsas says. These cylinders could be stacked in a short ladder. The professor estimates that array of VIVACE converters the size of a running track and about two stories high could power about 100,000 houses. Such an array could rest on a river bed or it could dangle, suspended in the water. But it would all be under the surface.

Because the oscillations of VIVACE would be slow, it is theorized that the system would not harm marine life like dams and water turbines can.

Bernitsas says VIVACE energy would cost about 5.5 cents per kilowatt hour. Wind energy costs 6.9 cents a kilowatt hour. Nuclear costs 4.6, and solar power costs between 16 and 48 cents per kilowatt hour depending on the location.

“There won’t be one solution for the world’s energy needs,” Bernitsas said. “But if we could harness 0.1 percent of the energy in the ocean, we could support the energy needs of 15 billion people.”

The researchers recently completed a feasibility study that found the device could draw power from the Detroit River. They are working to deploy one for a pilot project there within the 18 months.

This work has been supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the Detroit/Wayne County Port Autrhority, the DTE Energy Foundation, Michigan Universities Commercialization Initiative, and the Link Foundation. The technology is being commercialized through Bernitsas’ company, Vortex Hydro Energy.

The paper is called “VIVACE (Vortex Induced Vibration for Aquatic Clean Energy): A New Concept in Generation of Clean and Renewable Energy from Fluid Flow.”

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http://www.vortexhydroenergy.com/html/news.html

Technical Papers and Presentations

VIVACE (Vortex Induced Vibration Aquatic Clean Energy): A NEW CONCEPT IN GENERATION OF CLEAN AND RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM FLUID FLOW
M.M. Bernitsas, K. Raghavan, Y. Ben-Simon, E. M. H. Garcia, “VIVACE (Vortex Induced Vibration Aquatic Clean Energy): A New Concept in Generation of Clean and Renewable Energy from Fluid Flow”, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME Transactions, in press; also invited paper, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE ’06), Paper #92645, Hamburg, Germany, June 4-9, 2006.

THE VIVACE CONVERTER: MODEL TESTS AT HIGH DAMPING AND REYNOLDS NUMBER AROUND 10^5
M.M. Bernitsas, Y. Ben-Simon, K. Raghavan, E. M. H. Garcia, “The VIVACE Converter: Model Tests at Reynolds Numbers Around 10^5″, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME Transactions, in press; also invited paper, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE ’06), Paper #92652, Hamburg, Germany, June 4-9, 2006.

VIVACE: A New Concept for Harnessing Hydrokinetic Energy
CITRIS and Ocean Engineering Seminar – University of California, Berkeley

Reynolds Number Effect on Vortex Induced Vibrations
Raghavan, K., Bernitsas, M. M., and Maroulis, D., (2007), “Effect of Reynolds Number on Vortex Induced Vibrations,” IUTAM Symposium, Hamburg, Germany. (Invited Paper)

VIVACE Technology Progress & Path Forward
U.S. Department of Energy Presentation

EFFECT OF BOTTOM BOUNDARY ON VIV FOR ENERGY HARNESSING AT 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5
Raghavan, K., Bernitsas, M. M., and Maroulis, D., (2007b), “Effect of Bottom Boundary on VIV for Energy Harnessing at 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5″, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME Transactions, submitted; also invited paper, Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE ’07), Paper #29727, San Diego, California, June 10-15, 2007.

EFFECT OF FEE SURFACE ON VIV FOR ENERGY HARNESSING AT 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5
Bernitsas, M. M., Raghavan, K., and Maroulis, D., (2007a), “Effect of Free Surface on VIV for Energy Harnessing at 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5″, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME Transactions, submitted; also invited paper, Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE ’07), Paper #29726, San Diego, California, June 10-15, 2007.

INDUCED SEPARATION AND VORTICITY USING ROUGHNESS IN VIV OF CIRUCLAR CYLINDERS AT 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5
Bernitsas, M. M., Raghavan, K., and Duchene, G., (2007), “Induced Separation and Vorticity Using Roughness in VIV of Circular Cylinders at 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5,” OMAE2008 – June 15-20, 2008, Estoril, Portugal.

ENHANCEMENT OF HIGH DAMPING VIV THROUGH ROUGHNESS DISTRIBUTION FOR ENERGY HARNESSING AT 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5
Raghavan, K., and Bernitsas, M. M., (2007), “Enhancement of High Damping Viv through Roughness Distribution for Energy Harnessing at 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5,” OMAE2008 – June 15-20, 2008, Estoril, Portugal.

REDUCTION / SUPPRESSION OF VIV OF CIRUCLAR CYLINDERS THROUGH ROUGHNESS DISTRIBUTION AT 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5
Bernitsas, M. M., and Raghavan, K., (2007), “Reduction/Suppression of VIV of Circular Cylinders through Roughness Distribution at 8×10^3 < Re < 1.5×10^5,” OMAE2008 – June 15-20, 2008, Estoril, Portugal.

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http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/10/hidden-vortex-i.html

Tapping the Vortex for Green Energy

by

Alexis Madrigal

A bane of Big Oil’s offshore rigs could become a boon for renewable energy.

By tapping the natural motion of slow-moving water, a new hydrokinetic generator could open vast new swaths of the ocean for energy production.

When ocean currents flow over any kind of cylinder, like the long cables that hold drilling platforms in place, small vortices are created. They eventually spin away, or shed, causing vibrations that over time can destroy an oil rig’s moorings.

Now, a University of Michigan engineer who long worked on suppressing this phenomenon, has developed a prototype energy-harvester that can capture the mechanical energy it creates.

“About four years ago, it dawned on me that we should enhance the vibrations and try to harness the energy,” said ocean engineer Michael Bernitsas, who has founded Vortex Hydro Energy to commercialize his idea. “No one has ever thought of patenting this idea, even though vortex induced vibrations were first observed in 1504 by Leonardo da Vinci.”

Energy experts consider the movement of water in oceans a vast untapped source of clean energy  that could provide up to 10 percent of U.S. demand (pdf). A variety of schemes have been proposed to capture this mechanical energy, usually involving turbines to capture fast-moving water generated by tides or a strong current. But few projects have progressed beyond the science project stage. The most advanced is a Pelamis Wave Power project off the coast of Portugal, which provides a mere 2 megawatts of power.

One major problem is that most underwater turbines require the water to be moving very fast. One study suggested that hydrokinetic projects only made economic sense in currents moving at over six knots, which are highly rare. It’s all the ocean’s other currents, which are generally under 3 knots, that Bernitsas sees as his technology’s main advantage.

“There is a huge amount of hydrokinetic energy in currents but a lot of that we cannot harness with the present technology and that’s where my device comes in, to extract energy at speeds down to 1 knot,” said Michael Bernitsas, who has founded Vortex Hydro Energy to commercialize his idea. “It taps into a new energy source.”

That idea has attracted some name-brand backers. The National Science Foundation, the U.S. Navy, and the Department of Energy have together contributed about $2 million to Vortex to further develop the concept.

Schematic Prototypes of the device — known as Vortex Induced Vibrations Aquatic Clean Energy — are essentially round cylinders a few inches across suspended in water on a spring. The vortices generated by water flow move the cylinder up and down. The VIVACE system converts that mechanical energy into electricity via rotary or linear generators.

In the future, Bernitsas wants to create modular 50 kilowatt units, like the artist’s rendering seen above. They could be strung together for larger applications into power plants producing as much as a gigawatt of power.

The engineers are working on making the basic system components more efficient, too. The cylinders of the early designs have sprouted tails, which allow them to use more of the energy in the vortices. It’s an idea that the engineer has borrowed from whales, fish, tadpoles and other creatures that move in liquid, which he says all have a bluff, or not slender, body followed by a tail.

“The muscle power the fish have is not enough to support the speed at which they are going,” he said. “So, if you study more carefully, there are lots of things going on. A fish will curve its body, collect a vortex, shed it, and collect one on the other side and shed that, alternating on the two sides of its body.”

The design of the system allows it to take much more energy out of the water than turbine-based systems. In technical terms, the energy density of the system is higher. For example, in a three-knot current, the VIVACE gets 50 watts per cubic meter of water, while the Pelamis system, considered the world leader in ocean energy, gets 21.

The innovative nature of the idea, however, is no guarantee of commercial success.

“I think that it’s at a very, very early stage of development,” said Roger Bedard, an analyst at the Electric Power Research Institute in Palo Alto, California, and world expert on ocean energy.

And Bernitsas’ system would be subject to the United States’ regulatory process, which was designed with large hydroelectric dam projects in mind, and that has hampered all hydrokinetic energy technology development.

“You have to go through 20 to 25 different regulatory agencies in this country,” Bedard said.

Governmental risk frightens potential investors. Erik Straser of the Silicon Valley-based venture capital firm Mohr Davidow Ventures, sees potential regulatory and technical issues, too.

“This seems like it would be have some issues with permitting,” Straser wrote in an e-mail to Wired.com. “I think that and reliability will be the key issues to deployment and efficacy.”

Bernitsas believes that his technology is much more environmentally friendly than other marine projects, so he’s looking forward to working with regulators.

Still, the tide could be turning, no pun intended, for marine and hydrokinetic projects. The recent Wall Street bailout bill included tax credits for these projects, which could stir investor interest.

For now, Bernitsas isn’t focused on large-scale production just yet. The first ready-to-use prototype, slated for splash down in the Detroit River, will be ready in about a year.

“We’re where cars were 100 years ago,” Bernitsas said. “Hopefully it won’t take us 100 years to get where we need to be.”

 

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http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826516.200-harnessing-river-whirlpools-puts-energy-on-tap.html

( 11 April 2008 )

Harnessing River Whirlpools Puts Energy on Tap

by Jim Giles

Whirlpools created by currents as they flow over obstacles are powerful enough to tear apart bridges and offshore rigs. So why not use them as a source of renewable power?

Previous attempts to harness energy from the flow of the world’s rivers and oceans have had limited success, at best. Tidal flow can only be tapped at certain times of day, while underwater turbines are only viable if they are mounted in rapid currents.

Now researchers led by Michael Bernitsas at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, are preparing for the first outdoor trials of a technology that makes use of the slow-moving currents down rivers and across the ocean.

When water flows over an underwater obstacle, whirlpools or vortices form alternately above and below it. The vortices create a tugging effect, so the result is an alternating force that yanks the object up and down (see Diagram). It is these oscillations that can have devastating consequences for rigs and bridges, but Bernitsas has now created a device that turns them into usable amounts of electricity.

In his lab, he took a cylinder 10 centimetres in diameter and 91 centimetres long with the same average density as water and suspended it horizontally in a bath. Then he generated currents of between 0.5 and 1.0 metres per second – speeds that are common in rivers. The vortices generated by the flow moved the cylinders up and down, and by attaching the cylinders to springs that turn an electric generator he was able to convert the motion into 10 watts of electrical energy. Bernitsas calls the technology Vortex Induced Vibrations Aquatic Clean Energy, or VIVACE, and plans to commercialise it with his company Vortex Hydro Energy.

He has also come up with an idea for squeezing more energy from VIVACE. At the Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering conference in Estoril, Portugal, in June this year, he will show how roughening the surface of the cylinders allows them to capture more energy. The idea was inspired by the fact that fish that use energy from vortices to help propel themselves forward also have rough skin.

VIVACE’s big test will come next year, when the team plans to deploy a larger version in the Detroit river. They expect it to generate 3 kilowatts, enough to power lights on a nearby pier, and claim that still larger versions could produce megawatts of power at a cost of around 5 cents per kilowatt-hour. This would make it competitive with coal and gas-fuelled generators.

These projections are contested, however, by commentators who point out that the performance has yet to be tested in the fluctuating current of a real river. They also have doubts about the claimed cost of the power it produces, since it is not yet clear how much the system will cost to maintain. “It is very new and very different to existing devices,” says Walter Musial of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado. “There are a lot of questions still to be answered.”

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http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?KC=A2&date=20060526&NR=2006055393A2&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=WO&FT=D

WO2006055393
FLUID MOTION ENERGY CONVERTER

2007-08-01
Inventor(s):  BERNITSAS MICHAEL M [US]; RAGHAVAN KAMALDEV [US]
Applicant(s):  UNIV MICHIGAN [US]
Classification: – international:  F03B13/12; F03C1/00; F03B13/00; F03C1/00 ;- European:  F03B17/06
Also published as:  EP1812709

Abstract – A converter for producing useable energy from fluid motion of a fluid medium. The converter includes a support structure, at least one movable element immersed in the fluid medium and supported externally on the support structure such that the movable element can move relatively to the structure in response to the fluid motion by vortex induced motion, galloping or combination thereof, and at least one power device supported on the support structure and coupled to the movable element. The power device converts motion of the movable element to useable energy.

 

 

Related articles

• Researchers Discover That Fuel Can Be Made From Sunlight (dprogram.net)
• All About The Vortex (ryanharpestad.wordpress.com)
• Power In Water – New Renewable Energy Solution (felugeq.wordpress.com)
• Whirlpools on the nanoscale could multiply magnetic memory (nanowerk.com)
• Save More Green with Daylight Savings and Energy Efficiency Credits (turbotax.intuit.com)

http://www.likeafish.biz

Alon-Izhar Bodler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like-A-Fish

Artificial Gills (human)

Artificial gills are devices that exist in science fiction, and being developed in reality, to extract oxygen dissolved in water, thus allowing humans to survive underwater.

It is generally thought that they would be unwieldy and bulky, because of the massive amount of water that would have to be processed to extract enough oxygen to supply an active diver, as an alternative to a scuba set. However, Like-A-Fish is an ongoing attempt to develop such a system in the real world.

As sea water contains 7 ppm oxygen. 1,000,000 kg (1,000 tonnes) of sea water holds 7 kg (1,000 short tons holds 14 lb) of O2, the equivalent of 5,350 litres (1,400 U.S. gallons) of oxygen gas at atmospheric pressure. <p>An average diver with a fully closed-circuit rebreather needs 1 litre (roughly 1 quart) of oxygen per minute. As a result, at least 192 litres (51 gallons) of sea water per minute, or 3.2 liters (3.5 quarts) each second, would have to be passed through the system, and this system would not work in anoxic water.

Natural gills work because nearly all animals with gills are cold-blooded and so need much less oxygen than a warm-blooded animal the same size[1].

Like-A-Fish

Like-A-Fish Technologies is an Israeli business, founded by Alan Bodner in 2001, that is developing a human artificial gill system; they have developed a prototype.[2] Like-A-Fish’s technology uses a centrifuge causing lower pressure at the center, where dissolved air comes out of the water.[3]

The key issue remaining is battery life. Currently a one kilo battery would only last for one hour,[2] whereas a regular scuba tank can last longer (depending on depth). The biggest possibilities lie in underwater habitats, which have access to electricity, but need constant refilling of air tanks. Additional possible uses include systems for scuba divers and submarines, among others.

Like-A-Fish currently holds patents in Europe for its system.[4][5]

References

1. Lakshmi Sandhana. “Inventor develops ‘artificial gills’”, BBC News, 2006-01-31. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.

2. Iddo Genuth, Tomer Yaffe. “Like A Fish – Revolutionary Underwater Breathing System”, IsraCast, 2005-12-14. Retrieved on 2007-09-14.

3. Open-circuit Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (WO0240343). European Patent Office. Retrieved on 2007-09-18.

4. Open-circuit Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (EP1343683). European Patent Office. Retrieved on 2007-09-18.

http://www.likeafish.biz

System Benefits

Longer Bottom Time
Air supply is not restricted to amount of air that can be contained in one tank, only on amount of batteries taken.
No Need for Refills
No need to refill air tanks with diving gas (save money and dependence on dive centers)
Higher Safety &amp; Less Stop Stations
The composition of the air that is extracted from water is enriched with 34% Oxygen (similar to Nitrox), which minimizes the amount of Nitrogen that is inhaled during a dive and thus adds to the safety of a dive.
Constant Bouyancy
With conventional SCUBA gear, a diver’s buoyancy changes throughout the dive, as he uses (and thus loses) approximately 4 Kg worth of air.
This is not the case with the Company’s gear.

http://www.isracast.com/articles/63.aspx

Like a Fish – Underwater Breathing System

December 14, 2005 on IsraCast.com

An Israeli Inventor has developed a breathing apparatus that will allow breathing underwater without the assistance of compressed air tanks. This new invention will use the relatively small amounts of air that already exist in water to supply oxygen to both scuba divers and submarines. The invention has already captured the interest of most major diving manufacturers as well as the Israeli Navy.

The idea of breathing underwater without cumbersome compressed air tanks has been the dream of science fiction writers for many years. In George Lucas movie “The Phantom Menace”, Obi-Wan whips out a little Jedi underwater breathing apparatus and dives in. As things tend to happen in our world, yesterdays science fiction has turned into today’s science fact due to one Israeli inventor with a dream.

There are a number of limitations to the existing compressed air tank underwater breathing method. The first is the amount of time a diver can stay underwater, which is the result of the compressed air tank capacity. Another limitation is the dependence on compressed air refueling facilities near the diving site which are costly to operate and are used to compress the gas into the tanks which might be dangerous if not handled properly. The final problem has to do with the actual use of compressed air tanks underwater. When these tanks are in use they empty out and change the balance of the diver in the water.

Engineers have tried to overcome these limitations for many years now. Nuclear submarines and the international space station use systems that generate Oxygen from water by performing ‘Electrolysis’, which is chemical separation of Oxygen from Hydrogen. These systems require very large amounts of energy to operate. For this reason, smaller, diesel fueled submarines cannot use these systems and are required to resurface to re-supply their air tanks every so often. Divers can’t even consider carrying such large machines not to mention supplying them with energy. To overcome this limitation an Israeli inventor, Alon Bodner, turned to fish. Fish do not perform chemical separation of oxygen from water; instead they use the dissolved air that exists in the water in order to breathe. In the ocean the wind, waves and underwater currents help spread small amounts of air inside the water. Studies have shown that in a depth of 200m below the sea there is still about 1.5% of dissolved air. This might not sound like much but it is enough to allow both small and large fish to breathe comfortably underwater. Bodner’s idea was to create an artificial system that will mimic the way fish use the air in the water thus allowing both smaller submarines and divers to get rid of the large, cumbersome compressed air tanks

The general structure of the system

The system developed by Bodner uses a well known physical law called the “Henry Law” which describes gas absorption in liquids. This law states that the amount of gas that can be dissolved in a liquid body is proportional to the pressure on the liquid body. The law works in both directionslowering the pressure will release more gas out of the liquid. This is done by a centrifuge which rotates rapidly thus creating under pressure inside a small sealed chamber containing sea water. The system will be powered by rechargeable batteries. Calculations showed that a one kilo Lithium battery can provide a diver with about one hour of diving time.

Bodner has already built and tested a laboratory model and he is on the path to building a full-scale prototype. Patents for the invention have already been granted in Europe and a similar one is currently pending examination in the U.S. Meetings have already been held with most major diving manufacturers as well as with the Israeli Navy. Initial financial support for the project has been given by Israel Ministry of Industry and Commerce and Bodner is currently looking for private investors to help complete his project.

If everything goes according to plan, in a few years the new tankless breathing system will be operational and will be attached to a diver in the form of a vest that will enable him to stay underwater for a period of many hours.

Transcript of the Interview with Alon Bodner:

Question: We are speaking now with engineer Alon Bodner. First of all I have to tell you that since we put up your report on IsraCast, we have been inundated with literally millions of people going into our website to find out about your invention. Just where did you get the idea sir?

Bodner: My seven years old son, Aviv, asked me some questions about the possibility of diving without tanks, maybe he was inspired by a Star Wars’ movie, and then the wheels in my head started spinning. I knew that there is dissolved air in the water and that the fish breath this air so I thought, with all the technology in the world, why couldn’t we also do it?

Question: But just how practical is your idea, have you actually tried to run through this prototype in a pool or that kind of thing?

Bodner: I call it a lab model it’s not yet a prototype, it’s in an aquarium which has a pump, a centrifuge, some hoses and a balloon, we cannot take it into the water yet, into the sea, but we tried it out with water and we saw that in principle it works.

Question: In principle it works. We’ve been getting inquiries from people all around the world, some are asking what about the quantity, the large quantities of water that might have to be processed in order to get an adequate amount of oxygen for a diver?

Bodner: I want to distinguish between open diving systems and closed diving systems. Usually when you go sports diving it’s with open systems and this means that you inhale air from a tank and you exhale it into the water, and this requires a very large quantity of air. With closed systems, such as with breathers for individual divers or submarines or maybe in the future underwater habitats, the required water flow is much smaller, so this device is very suitable.

Question: In other words, it could be a portable apparatus?

Bodner: It is supposed to be a portable apparatus, yes.

Question: And when you speak of underwater habitats, just what do you have in mind?

Bodner: Well right now there exists several underwater habitats especially for research, off the coast of Florida there is one. It’s like a Spacelab in the past, in which a few scientists live 10-20 meters underwater, they breath from compressed tanks and perform experiments. In the future, you can have a whole city or many people under a glass dome and breathing air straight from this device.

Question: What about the scientific community, have you yourself been approached by scientists and so forth?

Bodner: Well I have, a few people do not understand the concept, they assume that I separate oxygen from the water and they say correctly that it is toxic below a depth of seven meters and then they ask some technical questions. In this case I want to say again, the device can extract air from the water. It is dissolved air which contains oxygen and nitrogen and so on. It does not extract oxygen from hydrogen.

Question: And what are some of the technical problems that you have to overcome at this stage?

Bodner: The main concerns are the power of the batteries I suppose and the water flow. The batteries are evolving in a very good rate and we don’t expect any problems right now. As I said the water flow can be a problem, especially if using open systems, if you want I can elaborate better calculations.

Question: If you could, please.

Bodner: The calculation is quite different for open or closed systems; I’ll start with the calculations for open systems. A diver can consume about 25 liters per minute of air at the surface. Assuming that there’s about 2 percent of dissolved air in the water, the calculations show the water flow requirement of 1,250 liters per minute. As you go deeper your lungs require more air. At 10 meters depth the air and water flow requirement is double than that on the surface so that means that you will need 2,500 litters per minute of water, and this is a lot. For closed systems, the
calculation is different. In these systems the air is re-circulated and returned to the diver after the carbon dioxide is removed. For this case we calculate the oxygen consumption rate and not the air consumption rate as before. Say a diver consumes one liter per minute of oxygen, and unlike the above calculation your body requires the same amount of oxygen at all depths. So, assume there is about half a percent of dissolved oxygen in the water, this result in the water flow requirement of only 200 liters per minute at all depths, which is not too bad, and we can make a compact machine for this.

Question: Engineer Bodner, you are a diver yourself?

Bodner: Yes, lately I dive mainly in the Red Sea in Eilat and in the Mediterranean Sea, in the past I also dived in the Bahamas and off California.

Question: So you can be a guinea pig for your own invention now?

Bodner: I’d love to, but there are also many other volunteers, I get lots of e-mail from people all over the world who want to volunteer, to be among the first to use the systems.

Question: OK, let’s go to the big question now. How long do you estimate that it might take before your remarkable invention actually goes on the market, becomes marketable, in a finished product?

Bodner: I expect the complete work the complete working prototype in about two years; this is provided if I get more funding, a commercial product will be ready shortly thereafter.

Question: Well, what can we say, perhaps when the Wright brothers talked about people flying like birds in the air, you’re following in their footsteps and talking about people that can swim like fish in the sea.

Bodner: Well I hope so but it’s too early still to compare me with the Wright brothers but I appreciate the comparison.

Question: Have you had approaches from manufacturing companies and so forth?

Bodner: I have but the discussions are still at early stages so of course I cannot divulge which names I’m speaking to.

Iddo Genuth, Tomer Yaffe – IsraCast, Jerusalem

Interview: http://www.isracast.com/asx/170605b.asx

US Patent Application #  20040003811

Open-Circuit Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

January 8, 2004

Abstract –  A self-contained open-circuit breathing apparatus for use within a body of water naturally containing dissolved air. The apparatus is adapted to provide breathable air to a diver. The apparatus comprises an inlet means for extracting a quantity of water from the body of water. It further comprises a separator for separating the dissolved air from the quantity of water, thereby obtaining the breathable air. The apparatus further comprises a first outlet means for expelling the separated water back into the body of water, and a second outlet means for removing the breathable air and supplying it for breathing. The air is supplied so as to enable all of it to be expelled back into the body of water after it has been breathed.

Inventors: Bodner, Alan-Izhar; (Zichron Yaakov, IL)

Correspondence Name and Address:
BROWDY AND NEIMARK, P.L.L.C.
624 Ninth Street, N.W.
Washington DC 20001 US

U.S. Current Class:&nbsp; 128/202.26; 128/201.27
U.S. Class at Publication:&nbsp; 128/202.26; 128/201.27
Intern’l Class:&nbsp; A61M 015/00; A61M 016/00

Description

[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of copending
parent application No. PCT/IB01/02142, filed Nov. 14, 2001, and claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Appln. No. 60/248,249, filed Nov. 15, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus and methods.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Among known underwater respiration devices are those that supply air via a conduit from the Earth’s atmosphere to a submerged user or, in the case of SCUBA, comprise a portable tank with breathable compressed gases including oxygen. In open-circuit SCUBA systems, the breathed, exhaust gas is discarded in the form of bubbles with each breath. Closed-circuit systems recycle the exhaust gas by adding oxygen to and removing carbon dioxide from exhaled breaths.

[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 3,333,583 discloses a closed-circuit underwater respiration device which purifies and recycles a diver’s exhaled breath. This purification is achieved by driving the exhaust breath through gas permeable tubes, which are surrounded by a current of seawater. Oxygen dissolved in the seawater then passively diffuses across the tubes into the exhaled breath while carbon dioxide similarly diffuses out. The breath is then supplied to the diver for breathing and the process is repeated indefinitely.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 3,656,276 discloses a closed-circuit method and apparatus for reoxygenating and removing carbon dioxide from stale, breathed air in an underwater habitat by mixing it with seawater in intimate and agitated contact, and subsequently separating the refreshed air from the seawater.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention suggests a self-contained breathing apparatus that operates in an open-circuit SCUBA-like manner where the user’s exhaled breath is expelled into the body of water in the form of bubbles. However, the apparatus of the present invention differs from conventional SCUBA in that it does not require a portable tank of breathable compressed gases.

[0007] The apparatus of the present invention comprises an inlet means for extracting a quantity of water from said body of water, a separator for separating said dissolved air from said quantity of water thereby obtaining said breathable air, a first outlet means for expelling the separated water back into said body of water, and a second outlet means for removing said breathable air from the separator and supplying it for breathing.

[0008] The apparatus is for use within any body of water that naturally contains dissolved air and it obtains breathable air directly from the surrounding water in which it is submerged. The body of water may be an ocean, lake, pond, river or any such body having breathing marine life such as fish.

[0009] The present invention further suggests a method for providing breathable air from a body of water naturally containing dissolved air comprising the steps of drawing an amount of water from said body of water, separating said dissolved air from the drawn water and thereby obtaining said breathable air, expelling the separated water and supplying the separated air for breathing, and expelling the air back into said body of water after it has been breathed.

[0010] An apparatus operating according to the method of the present invention may be relatively light and uncomplicated. It also eliminates the need to carry a set amount of breathing air, one of the primary factors normally limiting the amount of time that can be spent underwater. Also, since in the apparatus of the present invention, the separated air already meets a user’s pressure requirements for breathing, the apparatus eliminates the need for a pressure regulator, which is necessary in SCUBA to lower the pressure of the compressed gases in the tank.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, a preferred embodiment will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0012] FIG. 1  shows an apparatus according to the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 2  shows an embodiment of an apparatus according to the present invention;

[0014] FIG. 3 is a functional diagram of the method by which the apparatus of FIG. 2 operates.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0015] FIG. 1 schematically shows a self-contained breathing apparatus 2 according to the present invention. The apparatus 2 is adapted to provide breathable air and is designed for use within any body of water naturally containing dissolved air, such as an ocean, lake, pond, river and the like. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the apparatus 2 comprises two inlet means 4a and 4b for extracting a quantity of water from the body of water, but may have one or many such inlet means. The inlet means 4a, 4b may be any kind of conduit through which liquid can be conducted.

[0016] The apparatus 2 further comprises a separator 6 for separating the dissolved air from the extracted quantity of water conducted thereto via the inlet means 4a and 4b. The separator 6 has a housing and also includes first outlet means 8a and 8b for expelling the separated water back into the body of water, and second outlet means 10a and 10b for conducting the separated air out from the separator 6. The separator 6 may include one or many first and second outlet means, which may be any kind of conduit through which fluids can be conducted.

[0017] The second outlet means 10a and 10b may include valves that only permit air to be conducted further. These valves may be any kind of mechanism preventing the passage of water but allowing the passage of air. One possible option for such a mechanism includes providing a portion of the outlet means 10a and 10b that tapers to a smaller cross-sectional area and also includes a floating body, similar to a ping pong ball, for example, having a larger cross-sectional area and, consequently, being capable of blocking the movement of water without hindering the passage of air. Since the separated air in the separator 6 rises above the water, the separator 6 may be designed to ensure that the outlet means 10a and 10b and valves are located on the upper part of the separator 6. In addition, a plurality of outlets with valves can be positioned at various points on the separator 6, thereby ensuring that at least one of them is always pointing up and in contact with the rising separated air. In this way, the air rises towards the highest outlets 10a, 10b, which conduct the air further, either directly to a location for breathing or to an air bag 14, which serves as a storage reservoir for breathable air.

[0018] The air bag 14 may be any kind of storage reservoir, and may also be part of another body such as a floatation jacket or depth-adjusting bladder, thereby simultaneously serving multiple purposes.

[0019] The apparatus 2 further comprises a pump 16 to pump water into the separator 6 via the inlet means 4a and 4b. The pump 16 may be any mechanism creating a flow of water through the separator 6 such as by drawing water in via one or more of the inlet means 4a and 4b and/or ejecting water out via one or more of the outlet means 8a and 8b. The pump 16 is motorized and may be powered electrically, using batteries for example, or mechanically, such as by using the efforts of a user.

[0020] The apparatus 2 and method by which it functions can be employed in a variety of settings to provide breathable air to living beings such as in submersible quarters, e.g. submarines or underwater habitats, as well as in diving gear for use by individuals. The apparatus 2 may further be used to provide such breathable air for uses other than breathing, e.g. for supplying air to combustion engines.

[0021] FIG. 2 illustrates a specific use of the apparatus 2 according to the present invention designed for an individual diver 20 as in the case of SCUBA. In this use, the apparatus 2 includes batteries 17 to supply electrical power thereto, which are arranged on a belt 18 worn by the diver 20. The belt 18 may also carry lead diving weights to provide the diver 20 with the additional weight needed to counter his natural buoyancy, or alternatively, the batteries may also provide or contribute to this needed weight. The diver 20 also wears the air bag 14, which simultaneously serves as a thermal and flotation jacket.

[0022] FIG. 3 is a functional diagram schematically illustrating how an apparatus 2 according to the present invention may operate for an individual diver in an ocean. Seawater from the ocean is drawn into the apparatus 2 via the inlet means (not shown) by the pump 16 and enters the separator 6.

[0023] The separator 6 separates the dissolved air from the water by any known method of physical separation or combination thereof. Most such methods are based on passing the water across a pressure drop and examples include, but are not limited to, cavitation, volumetric increase, and the use of centrifugal force. Cavitation involves passing the water across a hydrofoil such as a propeller, which, due to its design, creates a lower pressure region on its trailing edge, resulting in the release of dissolved air. Volumetric increase entails passing the water from a smaller to a larger space, thus increasing the volume of the water and decreasing the pressure applied thereto, thereby causing the release of the dissolved air. The use of centrifugal force involves rotating the water at such a speed that the heavier water moves farther away from the axis of rotation than the lighter dissolved air, consequently resulting in its separation.

[0024] The air-depleted seawater is expelled from the apparatus 2 back into the ocean via the first outlet means (not shown). The air released by separation is breathable and is, preferably, conducted to the air bag 14 via the second outlet means (not shown), wherefrom it is supplied to the diver. Having been breathed by the diver, the air is expelled into the ocean. If the diver requires less air than is conducted to the air bag 14 by the separator 6, the air bag 14 stores the air. When the air bag fills completely, the air separator 6 shuts down until the diver has
used a predetermined fraction of the air in the bag 14, at which point the separator 4 resumes supplying air to the air bag 14. In this way, the apparatus expends less power. In the case of an individual diver, it is preferable for the air bag 14 to be flexible and inflatable but at the same time made from a durable material to minimize its likelihood of being damaged since the diver draws his breath from the air bag 14. In the case of a submarine or underwater habitat, a storage reservoir such as an air bag 14 may not be necessary and the breathable air can be directly supplied to such spaces.

[0025] Reverting back to FIG. 1, the separator 6 shown utilizes two propellers 12a and 12b to separate air from water by cavitation. The propellers 12a and 12b also contribute to separation by imparting a centrifugal force on the water. In addition, the propellers 12a and 12b drive the water through the separator 6, thereby acting as axial pumps, which may be used in place of or in conjunction with the pump 16. The separator 6 may also comprise air tubes 13 to attract rising bubbles of air as they are separated from the water and convey them to the outlets 10a and 10b. The air tubes 13 may be made of a material (e.g. stainless steel) adapted to attract air bubbles based on the coalescence effect.

[0026] The amount of breathing air required by a diver depends on many factors such as diving depth and extent of physical exertion and also varies from one individual to the next. Nonetheless, most divers, even during their highest exertion, require no more than 25 liters of air per minute, and so the separator 6 is designed to provide at least this minimum amount of air at this rate. While the apparatus 2 may be of various sizes, one possible example for use by an individual diver includes the apparatus 2 having separator 6 cylindrical in shape and approximately 10 inches in diameter at its base and 20 inches long. For a separator 6 having these dimensions and two cavitating propellers spanning its inner diameter, at most depths, the pump 16 will need to provide about 2000 liters of average seawater per minute to the separator 6 in order to produce the aforementioned minimum amount of air required by the diver.

[0027] As can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, the apparatus 2 according to the present invention may include a small reserve tank 22 of compressed breathable gases to be used in the case of a malfunction, which prevents or hinders the providing of air.

[0028] Also, as shown in FIG. 3, the apparatus 2 may include an air purifying mechanism, such as a scrubber 24, as known in the art, adapted to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and/or other undesirable gases present within the air bag 14 and to thereby enable delivery of a more healthy supply of breathable air to the diver 20.

[0029] Reverting to FIG. 1, the apparatus 2 may also provide a diver or other submersible with propulsion by directing the flow of water via the first outlet means 8a and 8b in a desired manner. Provided with a means for varying their direction separately or in unison, the first outlet means 8a and 8b can be oriented to create thrust at a user’s command and propel the diver or submersible in a desired direction. In this way, energy that would otherwise be expended to propel a diver or submersible is saved.

[0030] It should be understood that the above described embodiments are only examples of a self-contained open-circuit underwater breathing apparatus and method for using same according to the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art. For example, the apparatus may be used in underwater drilling, where a supply of air may be necessary.

Suppression of “Energy-from-the-Vacuum” Electrical Systems

Electrical power systems freely taking their energy from the vacuum (EFTV) rather than from fuel, are suppressed worldwide by several large and powerful cartels  and for some time the Yakuza has suppressed such Japanese EFTV systems in Japan.

As part of their schedule and plan to destroy our electrical power supply as a means of generating the catastrophic collapse of the U.S. economy, the Yakuza have suppressed several legitimate Japanese overunity electrical power systems  such as the Takahashi magnetic Wankel engine {ⁱ} and the Kawai motor {ⁱⁱ}  to prevent them from being marketed.

Were these already-developed Japanese systems allowed on the market, they would quickly resolve the world energy crisis for once and for all, and they would also enable dismantling and rapid replacement of the horridly vulnerable, centralized U.S. electrical power system. Needless to say, the availability of such systems would enormously clean up the biospheric contamination from energy-related operations and development, alleviate global warming, etc.

It is asinine that, in every EM circuit and system, all the field energy and potential energy already comes directly from the vacuum, being extracted by the source charges and dipolarities, and yet our own scientific community perpetuates a model assuming the energy is freely created out of nothing at all.

We do not have to discover how to extract usable EM energy from the seething vacuum; every charge in the universe already continuously does that, and it continuously gushes forth real EM energy extracted from its vacuum interaction. All we have to do is uncover and eliminate the continuing limitations our scientists have unwittingly incorporated into the CEM/EE model itself  such as in the ubiquitous closed current loop circuit containing the source dipolarity (the source of flowing potential energy) wired into the external circuit as a load to be continually destroyed  and such as insisting on invariance and Lorentz symmetry of the model because of the “mathematical beauty” in symmetrized equations and an invariant system. By “invariance” one means that no new net observable is allowed to occur when the equations are regauged. To do that requires symmetrical regauging.

On the other hand, by deliberately breaking up the invariance and violating Lorentz symmetry, the resulting modified circuits and systems can indeed rather freely collect excess energy (i.e., asymmetrically regauge themselves) from the active vacuum’s interaction with all the circuit’s charges and the continuous, free flow of real EM energy from every charge. By asymmetrical regauging, a net nonzero, free force field is also produced, and it can then be used to freely dissipate the previously-collected “free potential energy” in external loads to power them almost “for free”, as far as any cost to the operator for the energy dissipated. No law of physics is violated, and no valid law of thermodynamics is violated once the erroneous Second Law is corrected and is no longer the oxymoron and “half law” it presently is.

Sometimes simple equations contain profound truths. From any fixed source of potential V, any amount of energy W can be freely collected on intercepting charges q, given sufficient q. The simple equation is W = Vq. Further, by only increasing V, while pinning a fixed amount of charges q so that i = dq/dt = 0, any amount of potential energy density V can be freely produced in the system by work-free voltage amplification. From such simple equations, one can see that a circuit can self-regauge and take on extra potential energy freely, from any external source of potential energy (providing the necessary potential energy flow), without having to do work. With dq/dt = 0, the free potentialization of as many charges q as one desires does not drain the external source of potential at all. If that source of potential is then disconnected, and the circuit is closed and the charges q are unpinned, the freely potentialized circuit can then freely dissipate that excess energy to power loads “for free”. Further, the original source of potential can then be reconnected, to again freely potentialize as many charges q as desired, so long as one forces dq/dt = 0. In short, the external source of potential will last indefinitely. Via a flashlight battery or electret as the “external potential source,” under proper circum-stances sufficient energy can be extracted from the vacuum to power New York City.

Again, we do not have to learn how to extract energy from the vacuum. We only have to learn how to more properly use the energy flowing from charges already doing so.

Our classical electrodynamicists and electrical engineers have missed the fact that, since every EM field and potential is a pattern in the continuous flow of EM energy from the associated source charges, then the field or potential is itself a set of continuous energy flows. To see it and prove it, simply decompose the field or potential by Whittaker’s methods {18,19}.

As an example of Yakuza suppression of Japanese EFTV electrical systems, the Kawai motor was suppressed by the Yakuza right here in Huntsville, Alabama in 1996, directly involving the CTEC Board of Directors. Else my colleagues and I in CTEC would already have placed self-powering Kawai motors on the world market in mid-1997.

Such self-powering electrical systems are no more mysterious than a windmill-powered generator or a solar cell array power system. The active vacuum environment furnishes all the energy required. Even though any system has losses and its overall thermodynamic efficiency is always less than 100%, the coefficient of performance (COP) can permissibly be COP =  when all the energy is received from the external active environment and the operator himself does not furnish any energy at all.

We (CTEC) reached agreement with Kawai late one Thursday afternoon. The Yakuza arrived by private jet from Los Angeles that night. The next morning a stunned and totally demolished Kawai no longer controlled his invention, his company, his life, or further developments.

The “energy from the vacuum” replacement systems  for our present centralized electrical power system  would freely or nearly freely take their energy directly from the local vacuum. They would need no external fuel, no pipelines, no large fleets of tankers and railroad coal cars, no hydrocarbon refineries, etc. So most of the massive and expensive support structure for our bloated centralized electrical power system would also be dismantled. Our present dependence on foreign oil and gas would simply vanish forever. A very dramatic reduction in present pollution of the environment would result.

The dramatic reduction in the present absolute vulnerability of the U.S. electrical power system would be remarkable. Replacement of most of the centralized power system would be of enormous economic benefit and of enormous strategic importance. Presently, we have some two years to get a substantial percentage of that task done, in precisely that manner. Otherwise, we will see the centralized electrical power system destroyed, followed shortly thereafter by the catastrophic collapse of the U.S. economy. And then will immediately follow the methodical destruction of the United States  every last man, woman, and child.

The resulting benefits of such a centralized, fuel-free system to the taxpayer and to the long suffering destitute peoples of the world would be incalculable  but the incredible loss of revenue to the large energy cartels now in power worldwide would be directly calculable! Such powerful organizations do not surrender their vast empires and dominant positions without a major struggle.

So certain elements of those cartels already suppress “free energy” developments worldwide, and they have been doing so since Stubblefield {ⁱⁱⁱ} (even before Tesla). In this “energy from the vacuum” research, if successful one can easily “meet with a sudden suicide” on one’s way to the supermarket, unless one is exceedingly careful. Or one can be hit in the midst of a crowd by an ice dart dipped in curare, so that one convulses and dies right there with a “seizure” and heart and brain damage.

Or heroin can be planted on the premises secretly by an intruder. Then the regular “narcs” are “tipped off”. They raid the place, the dogs sniff out the large cache of heroin, and one has “been caught red-handed” as a dirty old dope dealer. One winds up behind bars for 20 years or so, wondering how it all happened.

Or one meets with a “throw-away” assassin, who has been brutally conditioned. After he successfully fixates on his target, then later he will march right up to the targeted individual in a public restaurant, pull out a pistol and empty it at point blank range into the target, killing him. He will remain right there until the police come and haul him away. And even electric shocks on his testicles will not elicit any useful information from him.

Or, more simply, one just meets with a fatal auto accident.

Or one gets hit with a little microwave “shooter”, whose wavefront has been carefully modified by the Venus ECM technique. That beam will then dramatically disrupt the receiving heart, throwing it into violent and uncontrolled fibrillation. The target falls, goes into convulsions, thrashes a bit, and expires with a legitimate massive stroke, heart attack, or both. The smaller short range shooter is about the size of a small paperback textbook, and fits inside the assassin’s coat pocket. A larger longer range shooter is about the size of a bazooka. It will shoot right through walls and windows, killing a person inside (the target is usually located with an infrared device which allows the assassin to focus on the target’s body heat, even through the wall or window.

Or a professional hit man kills the person, making it appear as some hoodlum committing a robbery or some such. Recently Dr. Gene Mallove, an excellent researcher and a highly dedicated scientist, probably was murdered in this latter type of professional hit manner.

Those are just a few of the current methods used of professional clandestine assassination or jailing, used against some EFTV researchers. There are many others.

But to seek out what our own science is doing in EFTV research, simply go to the websites of the NAS, NSF, DoE, national labs, and universities and search for any real program or solution that would enable our survival in this three year period we have entered. Cut through the rhetoric and hype and examine for real content that would solve the problem. There is none, and there is not going to be any. Instead, the reader will find that “business as usual” and the interests of the powerful scientific cartels  hot fusion, nuclear power plants, fuel cells, etc.  are being pursued, with a little sop to the environmentalists in such things as solar cell array power systems, windmill-powered generating systems, etc.

Not only is our scientific community fiddling while Rome prepares to burn, but it is also helping to ensure that Rome burns completely.

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